В 19 веке много людей были больными и многие из них погибали после операций из за инфекций. Но доктора не знали об этом. По этому они не одевали специальную одежду во время операций и не всегда мыли руки и инструменты. Британский доктор, Джозеф Листер, знал что инфекции вызывают микробы. Доктора в его больнице всегда носили белую и чистую одежду. Они регулярно мыли руки и обрабатывали инструменты до и после операций. Они многих больных. В 1928 году Британский ученый Александр Флеминг работал в его лаборатории в мед. университете Святой Марии. С микроскопа он обнаружил некую зелёную плесень и заметил что находящиеся рядом микробы погибли. Это было очень важное открытие, которое Флеминг назвал пенициллин, это был первый антисептик. Но он был слишком дорог в производстве.В 1941 году Генри Ф. и Ернст Ч. из Оксфорда нашли создания дешёвого антисептика который миллионы жизней. В 1945 году 3 человек получили Нобелевскую Премию за их работы. (Простите за долгое время написания)
The specificity of activities in the municipal service is associated with the adoption of management decisions on the socio-economic improvement of the population of the city, and therefore, often takes place in direct contact with the population. This fact significantly distinguishes state and municipal servants and confirms the necessity and importance of highly developed personal competence in the activities of municipal servants.
1. Personnel management includes such personal qualities as: the ability to understand interpersonal relationships, motivate people
2. Political assistance, including: the ability to anticipate the consequences of political decisions; the ability to communicate the right information and make sound recommendations.
3. The organization of services includes the following qualities: evaluate results; knowledge of information collection methods; understanding of organizational processes;
4. Strategic leadership includes: understanding your own leadership style; insight; formation of prospects;
5. Adherence to democratic principles, which includes the following personal qualities: understanding of democratic principles, political processes, legislation on local self-government; maintaining the value of differences in the organization and in the local community.
6. Organizational planning and management implies: understanding and skills of working with the budget, financial analysis; human potential management; strategic planning.
7.Communication, which is an integral part of any management, contains the following characteristics: understanding of the principles of interpersonal and group communication; listening, speaking and writing skills; ability to convince; perception of verbal and non-verbal responses;
8. Integrity includes: justice; honesty; understanding of business and personal ethics; personal integrity; professional integrity;
Это было очень важное открытие, которое Флеминг назвал пенициллин, это был первый антисептик. Но он был слишком дорог в производстве.В 1941 году Генри Ф. и Ернст Ч. из Оксфорда нашли создания дешёвого антисептика который миллионы жизней. В 1945 году 3 человек получили Нобелевскую Премию за их работы. (Простите за долгое время написания)
The specificity of activities in the municipal service is associated with the adoption of management decisions on the socio-economic improvement of the population of the city, and therefore, often takes place in direct contact with the population. This fact significantly distinguishes state and municipal servants and confirms the necessity and importance of highly developed personal competence in the activities of municipal servants.
1. Personnel management includes such personal qualities as: the ability to understand interpersonal relationships, motivate people
2. Political assistance, including: the ability to anticipate the consequences of political decisions; the ability to communicate the right information and make sound recommendations.
3. The organization of services includes the following qualities: evaluate results; knowledge of information collection methods; understanding of organizational processes;
4. Strategic leadership includes: understanding your own leadership style; insight; formation of prospects;
5. Adherence to democratic principles, which includes the following personal qualities: understanding of democratic principles, political processes, legislation on local self-government; maintaining the value of differences in the organization and in the local community.
6. Organizational planning and management implies: understanding and skills of working with the budget, financial analysis; human potential management; strategic planning.
7.Communication, which is an integral part of any management, contains the following characteristics: understanding of the principles of interpersonal and group communication; listening, speaking and writing skills; ability to convince; perception of verbal and non-verbal responses;
8. Integrity includes: justice; honesty; understanding of business and personal ethics; personal integrity; professional integrity;