4 Complete the text with the words in the box. logograms x2 spoken alphabets
яlogographic alphabetic pronunciation
2
Hieroglyphics was a ! system of writing. It used
to represent objects and actions. Because they
were not related to ..., different languages could
use the same
S systems of writing use marks to represent sounds
of the 6... language so different languages might
use the same but spelling and grammar will be
different

10 inventions of the 20th century that turned our lives people from ancient times have tried to realize dreams and fantasies in order to simplify and diversify their way of life. we list a few inventions of the 20th century that have changed the habitual outlook on life. 1. x-ray beams kvnovskaya joke says that the x-ray invented by the deacon ivanov, who told his wife: "i see through you, bitch, through and through." in fact, electromagnetic radiation was discovered in the late 19th century by the german physicist wilhelm roentgen. turning on the current in the cathode tube, the scientist noticed that a nearby paper screen, covered with crystals of platinocyanide barium, emits a green glow. according to another version, the wife brought dinner to roentgen, and when she put the plate on the table, the scientist noticed that her bones were shining through the skin. it is well known that wilhelm for a long time refused to receive a patent for an invention, not counting his studies as a full-fledged source of income. x-rays can be safely attributed to the discoveries of the 20th century. 2. aircraft since ancient times, people have tried to create an aircraft and rise above the ground. but only in 1903, the american inventors of the wright brothers managed to successfully test their "flyer-1" equipped with an engine. he was in the air for 59 seconds and flew over the kitti hawk valley 260 meters. this event is considered the moment of the birth of aviation. today without airplanes it is impossible to imagine either the development of business or leisure. "steel birds" are still the fastest mode of transport. 3. television not so long ago the tv was considered a prestigious thing, emphasizing the status of the owner. at various times many minds worked on its development. back in the xix century, the portuguese professor adriano de paiva and the russian inventor porfiry bakhmetev independently advanced the idea of ​​the first device capable of transmitting images on wires. in 1907, max dieckmann demonstrated the first television receiver with a screen size of 3x3. in the same year, professor of the petersburg institute of technology boris rosing proved the possibility of using a cathode ray tube to convert an electrical signal into a visible image. in 1908, the armenian physicist hovhannes adamyan received a patent for a two-color apparatus for signal transmission. in the late 20-ies of the 20th century in america, the first television set was compiled by the russian emigrant vladimir zvorykin. he managed to break the light beam into blue, red and green colors and get a color image. he called his model "iconoscope." however, in the west, the "father of television" is the scotsman john logie byrd, who patented the device, creating an image of eight lines. 4. mobile phone the first phone was demonstrated at the end of the xix century, and the first mobile phone appeared in the 70s of the twentieth century. when martin cooper, a motorola employee from the department for the development of portable devices, showed colleagues a kilogram tube, they did not believe in the success of the new invention. walking through manhattan, he called from his "brick" joel engel, the head of the research department of the company-competitor bell laboratories, and was the first to apply new technologies in practice. for 15 years before cooper, the soviet scientist leonid kupriyanovich also successfully carried out such an experiment. therefore, the question of who owns the palm tree in the field of portable devices is quite controversial. anyway, "mobile phones" became a discovery of the 20th century, and already firmly entered our life. 5. computer today it is difficult to imagine life without a computer, laptop or tablet. but even recently such devices were used exclusively for scientific purposes. in 1941, the german konrad zuse created a mechanical computer z3, which possessed all the properties of a modern computer, but worked on the basis of telephone relays. a year later, american physicist john atanasov and graduate student clifford berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they did not finish the project. in 1946, the relay was continued by john mokley, and introduced the first electronic computer to eniac. the decades passed before huge machines occupying entire rooms turned into compact devices. the first personal computers appeared only in the late 70-ies of the last century.

What is "American" food? The answer is that it is part Italian, part British, part German, part Mexican, part Chinese… When people from other countries came to live in the US, they brought different cooking traditions. Some of them opened restaurants. Today Americans enjoy food from all over the world. Over the years some foreign dishes changed a little. Doughnuts were originally from Holland. In 1847 a young American boy told his mother that her doughnuts were never cooked in the middle. He cut out the centre and his mother cooked them — and they were very tasty! Maybe the US is most famous for "fast foods". The first fast food restaurants served hamburgers, but now they serve other kinds of food too. Inside there is often a "salad bar", where you can help yourself to as much salad as you want. Americans eat a lot, and when they go to a restaurant, they don't expect to be hungry afterwards. Most restaurants will put a lot of food on your plate — sometimes it can be too much. But if you can't finish it all, don't worry: they will give you a "doggy bag" and you can take it home. Most Americans now have a light breakfast instead of the traditional eggs, bacon, toast, orange juice and coffee. But on weekends there is more time, and a large late breakfast or early lunch is often eaten with family or friends.