An abstract is (1) a summary of the research topic. It summarizes the basic ideas developed in the paper. The abstract, (2) as well as the title, helps readers decide to read or to skip the paper. Therefore, it should be accurate, concise, specific, objective and self-contained. Here (3) you accomplish two goals: declare your argument (and the goal to be achieved) and place it within a broader context (indicating the area the research conducted ranks among). The thesis (4) statement usually forms part of Introduction. At present, there seems (5) to be no rigorously defined set of criteria as to what elements should necessary be present in an abstract – the choice largely depends on the goal set. As a rule, the abstract is (6) placed at the beginning of the paper, below the title. It is written last, when the final version of the paper is produced. An abstract should be short – about 60 words –like a conference abstract, since in both cases the time is rather limited. You need (7) also carefully choose the aspects of your project to focus on; you will not be able to include everything. Conclusion contains evidence of evaluation of the work. It refers back to the thesis statement and draws upon (8) the comments made about the features described to provide a summative comment. Possible is reference to further analysis that might be carried out on the topic, or a theory about its future, and acknowledgments.
2
Princeton’s (1) aid program is designed to encourage all qualified students — regardless of financial circumstances — to consider applying for admission to Princeton. There is no income cutoff on the aid application; any family who feels (2) they may need help paying for a Princeton education is welcome to apply for aid. Sixty percent of Princeton undergraduates receive aid. Careful consideration is given to each family’s financial circumstances as presented in Princeton’s free online aid application. The amounts (3) parents are expected to contribute toward the cost of attendance vary according to their resources. Families with lower incomes are asked to make relatively small contributions, (4) in some cases zero, and receive the largest grants. (5) Middle- and higher-income families will pay more toward Princeton’s costs; however, they still benefit from grants based on their individual level of need. Students also meet a portion of their college expenses through summer and term-time earnings; (6) no student is required to take a loan to pay Princeton’s costs. The University provides its students with academic, extracurricular and other resources – in a residential community committed to diversity in its student body, faculty and staff – (7) that help them achieve at the highest scholarly levels and prepare them for positions of leadership and lives of service in many fields of human endeavor. (8) Through the scholarship and teaching of its faculty, and the many contributions to society of its alumni, Princeton seeks to fulfill its informal motto: “Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations.”
3
Vacation work is (1) most often available in the summer vacation but, study commitments permitting, a British student may find opportunities at Easter as well, while the Christmas vacation brings many temporary jobs in retail, catering and the Post Office. (2) Vacation work may be career-related and can offer an insight into graduate career areas, such as retail, as well as helping a student to develop skills. It is estimated that around 70% of students work at some stage during their course. (3) Most of these part-time jobs are simply to earn some money to help pay the way through University but still provide useful experience and insights and be helpful in presenting future employers with evidence of skills such as teamwork, working under pressure, dealing with people and balancing the demands of work and study. Industry Placements, (4) also known as sandwich placements, are not just available in “industry” but in all areas of business, industry or the public sector. (5) During the year a student will carry out paid work, similar to that which a new graduate might do in their first year of employment, in an area of work relevant to studies – typically in finance, marketing, IT, science or engineering, although (6) there are many other possibilities. Some courses at (7) universities have a requirement for a year in industry. Shorter “thin sandwich” (8) placements (typically 3 months or 6 months) are sometimes available but can be more difficult to integrate with studies.
1. The sun(sets) late in summer
2. Who (is making) that terrible noise
3. How do you ( feel)?
4. Where are you ( going)?
5. I (am hurrying) to the university
6. Switch on the light, it (is getting) dark
7. I (do not know) what you ( want)
8. What are you ( looking for)?
9. I often ( lose) my spectacles
10. He always ( buys) lottery tickets, but seldom wins.
11. What time do ou usually ( get up)?
12. Are you still ( sleeping)?
13. What are the children ( doing) now?
14. They (are watching) an interesting film on TV
15. I ( like) it
1
An abstract is (1) a summary of the research topic. It summarizes the basic ideas developed in the paper. The abstract, (2) as well as the title, helps readers decide to read or to skip the paper. Therefore, it should be accurate, concise, specific, objective and self-contained. Here (3) you accomplish two goals: declare your argument (and the goal to be achieved) and place it within a broader context (indicating the area the research conducted ranks among). The thesis (4) statement usually forms part of Introduction. At present, there seems (5) to be no rigorously defined set of criteria as to what elements should necessary be present in an abstract – the choice largely depends on the goal set. As a rule, the abstract is (6) placed at the beginning of the paper, below the title. It is written last, when the final version of the paper is produced. An abstract should be short – about 60 words –like a conference abstract, since in both cases the time is rather limited. You need (7) also carefully choose the aspects of your project to focus on; you will not be able to include everything. Conclusion contains evidence of evaluation of the work. It refers back to the thesis statement and draws upon (8) the comments made about the features described to provide a summative comment. Possible is reference to further analysis that might be carried out on the topic, or a theory about its future, and acknowledgments.
2
Princeton’s (1) aid program is designed to encourage all qualified students — regardless of financial circumstances — to consider applying for admission to Princeton. There is no income cutoff on the aid application; any family who feels (2) they may need help paying for a Princeton education is welcome to apply for aid. Sixty percent of Princeton undergraduates receive aid. Careful consideration is given to each family’s financial circumstances as presented in Princeton’s free online aid application. The amounts (3) parents are expected to contribute toward the cost of attendance vary according to their resources. Families with lower incomes are asked to make relatively small contributions, (4) in some cases zero, and receive the largest grants. (5) Middle- and higher-income families will pay more toward Princeton’s costs; however, they still benefit from grants based on their individual level of need. Students also meet a portion of their college expenses through summer and term-time earnings; (6) no student is required to take a loan to pay Princeton’s costs. The University provides its students with academic, extracurricular and other resources – in a residential community committed to diversity in its student body, faculty and staff – (7) that help them achieve at the highest scholarly levels and prepare them for positions of leadership and lives of service in many fields of human endeavor. (8) Through the scholarship and teaching of its faculty, and the many contributions to society of its alumni, Princeton seeks to fulfill its informal motto: “Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations.”
3
Vacation work is (1) most often available in the summer vacation but, study commitments permitting, a British student may find opportunities at Easter as well, while the Christmas vacation brings many temporary jobs in retail, catering and the Post Office. (2) Vacation work may be career-related and can offer an insight into graduate career areas, such as retail, as well as helping a student to develop skills. It is estimated that around 70% of students work at some stage during their course. (3) Most of these part-time jobs are simply to earn some money to help pay the way through University but still provide useful experience and insights and be helpful in presenting future employers with evidence of skills such as teamwork, working under pressure, dealing with people and balancing the demands of work and study. Industry Placements, (4) also known as sandwich placements, are not just available in “industry” but in all areas of business, industry or the public sector. (5) During the year a student will carry out paid work, similar to that which a new graduate might do in their first year of employment, in an area of work relevant to studies – typically in finance, marketing, IT, science or engineering, although (6) there are many other possibilities. Some courses at (7) universities have a requirement for a year in industry. Shorter “thin sandwich” (8) placements (typically 3 months or 6 months) are sometimes available but can be more difficult to integrate with studies.