A lawyer is a person learned law A lawyer, also known as an attorney a counselor a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of then clients The tole of the lawyer vanes significantly across legal jurisdictions and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms Lawyers roles vary greatly, depending upon then practice environment and field of specialization In most countries there is only one legal profession This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications and they are permitted to do all the legal work
In England the system is different Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers Solicitor» and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training they take different examinations to qualify and once they have qualified they usually do different types of legal work
Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work preparing cases to be tried ш the civil or criminal courts, giving legal advice ш the field of business and drawing up contracts, making all the legal arrangements for the busing and selling of land or homes, assisting employees and employers, making wills
Banister» are mainly (courtroom lawyers) who actually conduct cases in court Unlike solicitors they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the Lind and so hamsters are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases m the higher courts
The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country In some countries. law is taught by a faculty of law. which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor s degree at the same time Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes In other countries. particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions Law school* in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D (Juris Doctor \Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree (a professional degree). However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. и not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D). a university degree of the highest level since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely Some countries require extensive clinical training ш the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job)
In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel corporate m-house counsel judge arbitrator law professor or politician
In most mil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around chosen specialty, the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross After one earns a law degree career mobility may be severely constrained
5. Соотнесите слова из двух колонок так. чтобы получились словосочетания из текста, переведите их на русский язык и составьте с ними своп предложения
1) to take
2) to deal with
3) to draw up
4) to make
5) to have
6) to go to
7) to engage m
8) to advise on
9) to depend on
10 ) on behalf of
a) the clients
b) the practice of law
c) the nght of audience
d) court
e) the practice environment
f) legal matters
g) legal arrangements
h) contracts
I) legal advice
j) a range of legal work
1) I would like to describe photo number two.
2) The photo shows a girl of about thirteen years old.
3) I think the girl is in the park. She is happy and she's smiling.
4) She's feeding some birds.
5) The girl has long straight hair.
6) She's wearing a hat, jacket, trousers, and boots.
7) I like this photo, because the girl feeds the birds in it,
and helping animals and birds is our responsibility.
1) Я хотел бы описать фотографию номер два.
2) На фотографии изображена девочка лет тринадцати.
3) Я думаю, что она находится в парке. Она счастлива и улыбается.
4) Она кормит нескольких птиц.
5) У девочки длинные прямые волосы.
6) На ней шляпа, куртка, брюки и сапоги.
7) Мне нравится эта фотография, потому что девушка кормит на ней птиц, а животным и птицам - это наша обязанность.
Другие концовки:
7. I like this photo because the atmosphere in it is calm and friendly.
7. I like this photo because summer is my favourite season
and the scene in the photo is very attractive.
употребляется в Past Continuous
2. I was in London last year.
Past Simple, так как время указано и действие уже завершено.
3. What are you talking about?
Present Continuous, в данный момент.
4. Every weekend I visit my grandmother.
Present simple, действие обычное.
5. I was sleeping when someone knocked the door.
Past continuous, затем действие прерывается и ставится в past simple.
2) 1.She has called us
2. I have eaten my lunch
3. She has taken an umbrella
4. My friend has been in Madrid
5. We have spent all our money
6. My sister has seen a trained elephant in India.