HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND FIRMWARE
The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software.
Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team.
Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software.
Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition.
Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.
2. ответьте на во используя информацию текста.
What is hardware?
Give the definition of software.
What are the types of software?
What are systems software?
What kind of tasks do systems software perform?
Who prepares systems software?
What are applications software?
What problems do applications software solve?
What is firmware?
How can a computer system architect use firmware?
Выполнение тестирования
TEST
Look at these descriptions of computer software, and match them with the names of the software listed opposite. When you have matched all of them, click the button at the bottom of the page to check your score.
1. This software sits between your programs and your hardware and makes your computer work. This is the one bit of software that every computer must have
2. You use this to write letters, essays, or even books. This program is used more than any other program on most people's computer, and almost every desktop computer has this program. They can be small and smiple, or big and complicated, but they all really do the same thing.
3. You use this when you want to send a message to someone over the internet. you have to be careful who you give your address to, or this poor program might have to deal with hundreds and hundreds of messages you don't want!
4. This is what you are using to look at the English for Everybody website right now. It is used for surfing the world wide web and for seeing pictures and text on the internet.
5. This is the program you use when you want to make your own pictures, or make changes to your digital photographs. some of these programs are hard to learn how to use, but they are very useful.
6. Do you do a magazine for your club or your college? Then you need this program - even if you don't use it a lot, it is very useful for making birthday cards, or announcements about parties and other events.
7. You can use this to organize your music collection, or your books. These programs are very important to businesses, and you can be certain your name is on many government and business computers in one of these programs right now!
8. These files are how you can tell what is happening on a computer or a website. If your computer is not working properly, these are the files that the repairman will want to see.
1 word processor
2 drawing program
3 database
4 operating system
5 log files
6 web browser
7 desktop publisher
8 mail client
It seems to the Nottingham sheriff of our day that whatever legend may say, it is still harmful, since the unauthorized redistribution of wealth is by no means noble. The Sheriff believes that the Nottingham Forest football team and the famous skaters Jane Torvill and Christopher Dean are more worthy of the attention and honor of their fellow countrymen than the noble outlaw. Greensmith managed to win over the city government, and a consortium of local businessmen hired four advertising agencies to create a new symbol of the city, not reminiscent of robbery and violence.
ответ на русском:
Ноттингемскому шерифу наших дней кажется, что, как легенду ни крути, она все равно вредна, поскольку самовольное перераспределение богатства отнюдь не благородно. Шериф считает, что футбольная команда Nottingham Forest и знаменитые фигуристы Джейн Торвилл и Кристофер Дин более достойны внимания и почитания земляков, чем благородный разбойник. Гринсмит сумел привлечь на свою сторону городские власти, и консорциум местных бизнесменов нанял четыре рекламных агентства, перед которыми поставлена задача — создать новый символ города, не напоминающий о разбое и насилии.
CRUEL City, London, London,
Where, duped slaves of devils' creeds,
Men and women desperate, undone,
Dream such dreams, and do such deeds:
London, London, cruel city,
By day serpent, by night vampire —
God, in thy great pity, pity,
Give us light — though it be fire!
Лондон
Жестокий Город, London, Лондон,
Где, обманывают рабов дьяволом вероучения,
Где мужчины и женщины отчаянные, отменно,
Мечты как мечты, и делаются такие деяния:
Лондон, Лондон, жестокий город,
Днем змея, ночью вампир —
Бог, в своей Великой жалости, жалости,
Дайте нам свет — пусть он и будет огонь!