Join following pairs of sentences substituting the Past Perfect for the Past Simple in one of the clauses according to the sense. Make use of the conjunctions: after, before, when, till, until. Pattern: They came. She finished her work. They came after she had finished her work.

1. The children returned from school, mother cooked dinner. 2. They went for a walk. It stopped raining. 3. The frosts began she made winter things for her children. 4. I waited she did the room. 5. He took his bath. His wife laid the table for breakfast. 6. Nick left for school Nelly was ready. 7. The children fell asleep. The parents came back from the pictures. 8. Mother waited. The children went to the skating – rink. 9. The bell rang. He went to bed. 10. She called on them. They went to the pictures. 11. They came to the skating- rink. The snow began. 12. It grew dark. The children went home.

It is summer. Mother duck has got six eggs. Five eggs break and five yellow ducklings come out. But the sixth egg doesn’t break. "Oh dear! This egg is very big," says mother duck. Later, the sixth egg breaks. A big grey duckling comes out. "Oh no! This duckling is ugly!" shouts mother duck. "Come on, ducklings. Let’s go and visit the hen," says mother duck. She looks at the ugly duckling and she says, "Walk behind your brothers and sisters. I don’t want anybody to see you. You’re ugly!" The ugly duckling is sad. The hen sees the ducklings. She sees the ugly duckling too. The hen laughs. "Look! That duckling is silly!" says the hen. "He has got short legs. He’s grey. His beak is silly. He’s an ugly duckling!" Everybody laughs. The ugly duckling is very sad.

Criminal procedure, also called the criminal process or the criminal justice system, is the mechanism thought which crimes are investigated, the guilt of criminals adjudicated, and punishment imposed. It includes the police, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and courts, the practices and procedures observed by them, and legal rules that govern them. In the criminal process an individual is pitted against the government, with all of its resources and authority, and only through the criminal process can the state’s most serious sanctions – imprisonment or even death – be applied.

Criminal law defines what conduct is criminal and prescribes the punishment for criminal conduct. Criminal procedure makes the criminal law work; the sanctions defined by criminal law are only effective because the criminal process can bring the sanctions to bear on individuals who violate the law. At the same time, criminal procedure aims to make sure that criminal sanctions are applied only to those who are guilty, and only through procedures that are recognized as fair. One goal of the criminal process is to punish the guilty, but other goals are to protect the innocent and to ensure that even the guilty are protected from abuse by the government.

Although we talk about “the” criminal process, different systems are in place in each state and in the federal courts.