, надо составить пересказ этого текста на 9-10 предложений ,максимально кратко и понятно ,чтобы было легко рассказывать ,заранее огомное Rapid scientific advances
8. Great discoveries were made in the 19th century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation. When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.
9. A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the “germ (бактерия, микроб) theory” of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization (пастеризация). Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids by heat and the term “pasteurization” was given to the process.
10. Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope (офтальмоскоп) in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays.
