Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний и запишите.
Сложная сеть электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации; информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую
информацию; иметь замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем; устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации; катодно-лучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций; без устали; находить решение задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени; человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой; вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций; человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.
Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do, and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks, and magnetic tapes.
The computer’s input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information
into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathoderay- tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win the war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical “brain,” but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before
the job was finished.
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits.
2. Operate switches - управлять переключателями
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the switches can be turned on or off to control the machine.
3. Possible states - возможные состояния
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that the switches and cores can be in one or two possible states.
4. Store numbers - хранить числа
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers.
5. Process symbols - обрабатывать символы
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that the machine can manipulate letters and characters.
6. Input signals - вводить сигналы
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the machine can be controlled by inputting signals to turn switches on or off.
7. Turn on - включать
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that signals can turn switches on.
8. Turn off - выключать
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that signals can turn switches off.
9. Demagnetize cores - размагничивать сердечники
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the cores can be magnetized or demagnetized.
10. Information processing - обработка информации
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that the basic job of computers is the processing of information.
11. Information in the form of commands - информация в виде команд
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that computers accept information in the form of instructions or commands.
12. Data - данные
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers manipulate numbers, letters, and characters called data.
13. Perform mathematical operations - выполнять математические операции
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that computers perform mathematical operations on the information.
14. Provide results - выдавать результаты
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers supply the results of the mathematical and logical operations.
15. Provide necessary information - обеспечивать необходимую информацию
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the data inside the computer provides the information needed to solve problems.
16. Have remarkable capabilities - иметь замечательные возможности
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers are considered to have many remarkable powers.
17. Basic properties - основные свойства
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
18. Addition, subtraction, division, multiplication - сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.
19. Exponentiation - возведение в степень
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers have circuits for performing exponentiation.
20. Means of communication - средства для общения
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that computers have a means of communicating with the user.
21. Input device - устройство ввода
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers have an input device (disk drive or tape drive) for reading information.
22. Read information - считывать информацию
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that the computer's input device reads the information into the computer.
23. Output information - вывод информации
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that computers output information using devices like printers or cathode-ray tube displays.
24. Cathode-ray tube - катодно-лучевая трубка
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can have a cathode-ray tube display.
25. Make decisions - принимать решения
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that computers have circuits which can make decisions.
26. Perform thousands of logical operations - выполнять тысячи логических операций
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired.
27. Find a solution to a problem - находить решение задачи
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that a computer can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human.
28. Significantly shorter time interval - значительно меньший промежуток времени
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can solve problems in a fraction of the time compared to a human.
29. Human - человек
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a human can do the same but in many cases would not finish the job.
30. Tedious routine work - нудная рутинная работа
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks.
31. In accordance with the entered program - в соответствии с введенной программой
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that a computer works according to the instructions given to it.
32. Form its own judgments - вырабатывать свои суждения
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do.
33. Possibilities limited by the program - возможности ограничены программой
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer's achievements are limited by the minds of human beings.
34. Provide required information - дать требуемую информацию
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that a computer cannot do anything unless a person gives it the necessary information.
35. Electric impulses - электрические импульсы
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can carry out operations using electric pulses.
36. At the speed of light - со скоростью света
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that electric pulses can move at the speed of light.
37. Instantly perform a large number of mathematical operations - мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций
Обоснование: In the text, it is mentioned that a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously.
38. Person may not have enough time to finish the job - человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу
Обоснование: In the text, it is stated that a person would be dead before finishing the job that a computer can do in a fraction of the time.