Cheloces

18.03.2022 04:19 •  Английский язык

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний:
техническая дисциплина, природный газ, нефтегазовая промышленность,
очистка, рынок, рассматривать, главный, снабжение, пористая порода,
высокое давление, образование, бурение, механизированная эксплуатация,
компьютерное моделирование, горизонтальное бурение, окружающая среда,
инженер-нефтяник, сырье, химические продукты, разделять, важность.
Текст:
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction,
refining, transporting and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume
products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Petroleum is also the raw
material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents,
fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major
components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are
usually included in the downstream category.
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of
industrial civilization itself, and thus is a critical concern for many nations.
Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities
related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural
gas. Subsurface activities are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil
and gas industry, which are the activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons.
Refining and distribution to a market are referred to as the downstream sector.
Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas
industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic
recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and
geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir
rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume
of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil,
water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of
a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed
and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics.
Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related
disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well
logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, well engineering, artificial lift
systems, and oil and gas facilities engineering.
Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession that involves extracting
oil in increasingly difficult situations as much of the "low hanging fruit" of the
world's oil fields has been found and depleted. Improvements in computer
modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new
technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery, have drastically
improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades.