Now read the text and answer the following questions: 1. what are the four forces or interactions that exist between the particles? name them in order of decreasing strength. 2. what force is the strongest of the four? 3. what is the force field? 4. what does the greek word “hadron” mean? 5. what are hadrons? 6. what are the nucleons?

Mayflower

New Plymouth is a small town in the United States of America, from where the new country began its life. It was in 1620, in the time of King James the First. English people did not like their king and many of them left England and went to live in other countries. In November 1620, a small ship, the Mayflower, left England. There were about one hundred people aboard the ship. For seven long weeks the Mayflower was in the waves and storms of the Atlantic Ocean, and at last, the people saw land. It was America. During the next five weeks, the men from the Mayflower left the ship every day to look for a good place to live. At last, they found a good place. There was a good harbour for ships there, some fields and forests near it and even a small river. The people began to build a village there and they called it 'New Plymouth'. When the houses were ready, the life of the people became easier. One day the people of the village saw a tall Indian who was walking along the street. This Indian smiled and said: "Hallo, Yankee! " This Indian could speak English a little. Since that time 'Yankee' has been the name of a white man in America. A few days later this Indian came to the village again together with some other Indians. They came as friends and helped the white men very much. But some white men forgot about this help and when many people from Europe came to America, they began to take the land away from the Indians and to kill them. At spring time people of New Plymouth began to plant corn, and the Indians showed them how to plant maize. In autumn the crops were very good and the people of New Plymouth wanted to make a holiday dinner. They asked the Indians to this dinner, and the Indians brought some wild turkeys as a present. The people of New Plymouth called their holiday 'Thanksgiving Day'. Since that time Thanksgiving Day has been a great holiday in the United States of America.

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was born on 20 March 1809 in the village of Sorochyntsi. It was situated in Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. Now this territory belongs to Ukraine. The ancestors of Gogol’s mother were Polish landowners. It is known that his father, Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky, composed poetry both in Russian and Ukrainian.  He died when Nikolai was fifteen years old. The whole family spoke both Ukrainian and Russian. When Nikolai was a child he helped his uncle with various plays in his home theater.

From 1820 to 1828 Gogol studied at a school of higher art which was located in Nizhyn. At that time he started to write. Gogol did not have many friends at school and some of his classmates called him “mysterious dwarf”. At the same time two or three of his schoolmates became his close friends.

At an early age Gogol developed taciturn temperament which was expressed by distressing self-consciousness and infinite ambition. He additionally developed a faculty for mimicry. Consequently Gogol became an incomparable reader of his writings and had an idea to be an actor.

In 1828 he left the school and moved to St Petersburg. Gogol dreamt of being literary celebrity and brought with him a poem Hans Kuchelgarten. It was later published entitled “V. Alov”. Gogol sent his work to different magazines but most of them ridiculed it. Afterwards he bought all the magazines and destroyed them. After that Gogol swore that he’d never begin writing again.