Нужен перевод двух текстов: press in the united kingdom the daily circulation of papers in britain is just over 14 million copies, which is about 3 papers for every 4 households. all british papers can be classified into two majorgroups: quality and popular papers. a quality paper is a serious national paper that aims at the educated reader. quality papers contain detailed news coverage and comment, authoritative editorials, a wide range of topical features written by experts in their field, arts and literary reviews and much professional advertising. the quality papers are «the times», «the guardian», «the independent», «the daily telegraph» and «the financial times». a popular paper is a newspaper whose format and content is designed for the undemanding reader. most popular papers are tabloids, i.e. papers with small-size pages (conventionally about 30 cm by 40 cm). they have brief and direct news reports and a large number of photographs. emphasis is put on personal stories (especially when sensational, or involving a figure in the public eye such as a member of the royal family), and importance is also given to sports and to entertaining features such as cartoons and contests. newspapers in britain are mostly owned by individuals or by big publishing companies called the «empires», not by the government or political parties. the editors of the newspapers are usually allowed considerable freedom of expression. this is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. the political tendency of quality papers varies from conservative («the daily telegraph») or independent/conservative («the times» and «the financial times») to centre («the independent») and liberal («the guardian»). popular tabloids like «the daily express», «the daily star» and «the sun», for example, usually reflect conservative opinion in their comment and reporting, while «the daily mirror» has a more left-wing bias. in addition to national daily newspapers there are nine national papers published on sundays. most of «sundays» contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them include «colour supplements» -separate colour magazines which contain photographically-illustrated feature articles. there is also quite a number of regional papers - usually evening papers or weeklies. radio in the uk in 1936 the government established the british broadcasting corporation (bbc) to provide a public service in radio. but it was also the first agency to begin broadcasting that year on the recently invented television. and soon television and radio managed to change the entertainment habits and the culture of the whole nation. in 1955, however, the establishment of independent and commercial television and radio removed the bbc’s broadcasting monopoly. in spite of its much reduced evening audience, bbc radio still provides an important service. its five radio stations (bbc radio 1-5) provide: 1) non-stop pop music; 2) light entertainment; 3) minority interests, e.g. classical music, arts programmes and academic material (some for open university courses); 4) news and comment and discussion programmes; 5) sport. the bbc additionally runs 38 local radio stations to provide material of local interest. commercial radio offers three nationwide services: classic fm, which broadcasts mainly classical music; virgin 1215, broadcasting popular music; and talk radio uk, a speech-based service. in addition there are 180 independent local radio stations to broadcast news, information, music and other entertainment, coverage of local events, sports commentary, chat shows and ‘phone-in’ programmes. an important but separate part of the bbc’s work is its ‘external services’. the bbc world service broadcasts by radio in english and 43 different languages. the service in funded separately from the rest of the bbc, by the foreign office, because it is a promotional part of british foreign policy. the bbc world service is considered to have reached an audience of about 140 million listeners, and seems to be increasing its audience who are predominantly (aged between 25 and 35) and male.
