ответить на вопросы по данному тексту (1) Signaling technology has undergone the same revolution as telecommu-nications. Availability of powerful computer equipment and rapid information exchange techniques have led to more sophisticated signaling systems. These systems are not only able to drive the train, but decide when is the optimum time to brake, coast or accelerate for maximum energy efficiency. These abilities have allowed on-board computers to provide much more necessary information for a driver which was impossible some years ago.
(2) On the one hand, with the exception of some newly constructed lines, the cost of providing continuous data exchange between track and train can be high. On the other hand, up-to-date signaling systems help to save time which is of great importance for train operation. Secure coding of information has increased the effectiveness of in-termittent ATC and increased the quantity of data that can be handled.
(3) Although developed for metro lines, various components of ATC are in-creasingly being applied to main lines, because they provide automatic train protection, control and operation.
(4) Needless to say that safety has become a political question, forcing a reappraisal of what level of signaling technology is required. More and more practical railway engineers realize that ATC is essential for safe operation, even though statistics do not always support this view.
(5) Introduction of ATC is important from economic point of view. Thus, in metro driverless operation may help to save labour costs.
(6) It is quite clear that no modern railway can exist without ATC. Neverthe-less, introduction of this system is not such an easy task as it may seem at first sight. At present it’s a headache for many European railways. As we know many more high-speed railway lines are being constructed, more and more trains are being designed and produced specially for cross-border operation. All this makes operators’ work more re-sponsible and nervous. New up-to-date ATC facilities must be installed, and their de-sign, manufacture and installation require great expenses. But this work must be done, because to benefit from ATC system railways are to use it throughout their networks.
1. What was the result of introduction of powerful computer equipment?
Availability of powerful computer equipment and rapid information exchange tech-niques have led to more sophisticated signaling systems.
2. What are the main functions of sophisticated signaling systems?
These systems are not only able to drive the train, but decide when is the optimum time to brake, coast or accelerate for maximum energy efficiency.
3. Was it possible for a driver to receive all the necessary information some years ago?
These abilities have allowed on-board computers to provide much more necessary in-formation for a driver which was impossible some years ago.
4. Is it expensive to provide continuous data exchange between track and train?
With the exception of some newly constructed lines, the cost of providing continuous data exchange between track and train can be high.
5. Where are various components of ATC being applied?
Various components of ATC are increasingly being applied to main lines, because they provide automatic train protection, control and operation.
6. Do you think that safety is a political question? Can you give any reasons?
Safety has become a political question, forcing a reappraisal of what level of signaling technology is required. Because the safety of citiziens is the most problem of the author-ities
7. Why is introduction of ATC important from economic point of view?
Thus, in metro driverless operation may help to save labour costs.
8. Is introduction of ATC an easy task?
Introduction of this system is not such an easy task as it may seem at first sight.
9. Is an operator’s work responsible and nervous?
Yes, it is.
10. Why is it vital to introduce automatic train control?
As we know many more high-speed railway lines are being constructed, more and more trains are being designed and produced specially for cross-border operation.
It’s the symbol of Great Britain and the largest and the most famous clock in the world.
Big Ben is a tower originally. It is one of the highest towers of Westminster Palace. Official name of the tower is the “St. Stephen's Tower”.
The clock is called Big Ben after Sir Benjamin Hall. He was a big man. He had the job to see that the bell was put up. One day he asked in Parliament, "Shall we call the bell St. Stephen's?" And someone said for a joke, "Why not call it Big Ben?"
Now the bell is known all over the world by that name.
Big Ben has become a popular souvenir for tourists. Big Ben can be often seen in famous films also.
All the Londoners who live close to Big Ben can hear how the bell strikes thirteen at New Year’s Night.
Следует указать дату основания города.
The city was founded in the 1585 near the Voronezh River. – Город был основан в 1585 году на берегу реки Воронеж.
Далее необходимо дать краткие данные о площади территории города и количестве населения.
The city’s population exceeds 1 million inhabitants. Total area of the city is 601 square kilometers. – Население города превышает 1 миллион жителей. Общая площадь города составляет 601 квадратный километр.
Далее указывают административное деление города.
Voronezh consists of six districts. There are Zheleznodorozhny, Tsentralny, Kominternovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky, and Levoberezhny. – Воронеж состоит из шести районов: Железнодорожный, Центральный, Коминтерновский, Ленинский, Советский и Левобережный.