ответьте на следующие во письменно, используя предложения из текста:
1. What is mining?
2. What has contributed to the better working conditions of the miners?
3. What factors influence the choice of the mining method?
4. In what case is useful mineral worked by open pits?
5. Are exploratory workings driven with a view to finding and proving mineral or are they driven for immediate extration of mineral?
6. What is the difference between development and production work?
7. What main factors are used for classifying mine workings?
8. What do the dimentions of production faces depend on?
Текст
As has been said, mining refers to actual ore extraction. Broadly speaking, mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth's crust. The term "mining" includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells; metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and other hydrocarbons from the earth. In other words, the work done to extract mineral, or to prepare for its extraction is called mining.
The tendency in mining lias been towards the increased use of mining machinery so that modern mines are characterized by tremendous capacities. This has contributed to: 1) improving working conditions and raising labour productivity; 2) the exploitation of lower-grade metal-bearing substances and 3) the building of mines of great dimensions.
Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries, opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode of occurrence of the sought-for metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practised. The problem of depth also affects the mining method. If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a shallow site and is massive, it may be economically excavated by a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. If the metal-bearing mass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneath the surface, then it will be worked by some method of underground mining.
Working or exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral. With this point in view a number of underground workings is driven in . barren (waste) rock and in mineral. Mine workings vary in shape, dimensions, location and function.
In fact, Big Ben is the largest of the six bells of Westminster Palace in London. But it has long been associated with the name of the Clock Tower, which in September 2012 was officially called “Elizabeth Tower”. The decision to rename the tower was made by the British Parliament to mark the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.
The tower was built in 1858. The project architect was Augustus Pugin. The height of the tower and spire is 96.3 m.
Перевод:
На самом деле, Биг Бен – это самый большой из шести колоколов Вестминстерского дворца в Лондоне. Но уже давно это название ассоциируют с Часовой башней, которую с сентября 2012 года официально называют «Башней Елизаветы». Решение переименовать башню было принято британским парламентом в честь 60-летия правления королевы Елизаветы II.
Башня возведена в 1858 году. Архитектор проекта – Огастес Пьюджин. Высота башни со шпилем 96,3 м.
Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions.
Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti.
Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beak, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance.