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it is known that the pioneers of aviation were men of different nationalities and of many countries: deadalus and leonardo de vinci, lilienthal and bleriot, mozhaiski and the wright brothers and others. so the aeroplane is a creature of no one country's knowledge and efforts. a peculiarity of air transport made it clear from the start that the development of aviation was impossible without international agreement. that's why the international civil aviation organization (icao) was created. it happened in 1944 at a conference of 52 nations held in chicago. at present there are about 200 member states in icao. its headquarters is in canada, montreal. the working languages of icao are english, french, spanish and russian. russia has been the member of icao since 1970 .
it is very difficult to describe all of icao's activities. icao solves many problems on the international level. icao has a coordination agency. one of its purposes is to gather knowledge widely scattered among nations and to standardize the equipment and operational techniques used in air navigation in and over the territories of its member-states. the main task of icao is the flight safety. the aims of the organization are spelt out in article 44 of the chicago convention. these are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation, to plan and develop international air transport; to encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes; to encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation, and so on.
to ensure the safe and efficient worldwide aviation operation icao has developed technical specifications forming the basis for uniform rules and procedures. standardization affects the air-worthiness of aircraft, facilities and services required for aircraft operations elsewhere. these include: aerodromes, communications, navigational aids, meteorology, air traffic services, .search and rescue, information services. icao is doing much to make the air more clear. there are special standards to reduce noise by designing new quieter aircraft. icao has set up standards for air crew and controllers as well. iсao is also doing much to prepare and train aviation specialists.
the second in its importance organization after icao for international civil aviation is iata - international air transport association founded in 1945. it is one of the international civil aviation organizations uniting world airlines. iata is concentrated on the safety problem. its main objective is to contribute to safe and regular development of civil aviation and to cooperation of world airlines. its technical committee deals with the problem of safety, standardization of aviation equipment, training of flying personnel, communications, meteorology, aerodromes, navigational aids, etc. all iata members report the data on flying, taxying and other ground incidents including maintenance deficiencies. flight safety experts, aviation specialists and scientists of the member states investigate these accidents to prevent them in future. russia is a member of iata, it conforms to the iata's standards, procedures and documents which is of great importance for studying and solving the problems which iata deals with.
international federation of air traffic controllers' association (ifatca) was founded in 1961 with the purpose to enable the national associations to study and solve the problems for the development of air traffic control art and to create a better understanding among the controllers serving international aviation.
eurocontrol is the european organization working for air navigation safety. it was created in 1963 for better service of european airspace. some european countries have signed the agreement of cooperation for the safety of air navigation and organized common air traffic services in the upper airspace.
. what is icao ?
2. when and where was icao created ?
3. how many member states are there in icao ?
4. is russia a member state of icao ?
5. how long has russia been the member of icao ?
6. where is the icao's headquarters ?
7. what are the working languages of icao ?
8. what is the main task of icao ?
9. where are the main aims of icao spelt out ?
10. how does icao ensure the safe and efficient aviation operation ?
11. what for are the uniform rules and procedures required ?
12. what other international civil aviation organizations do you know ?
13. what is iata ? ifatca ? eurocontrol ?
перескажи самое главное:
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The vast territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. Russia borders on many countries, such as Mongolia, China, Finland, Norway and so on. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources. It has deposits of oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and many others. The current population of Russia is more than 140 million people. Russia is a presidential republic.
Объяснение:
Life throws us in various situations. Some of them are testing and we often find it difficult to tackle such situations. To handle such situations, it is extremely important that we have already established a set of principles that we truly live by. These rules help us to shape us as a person and define what we stand for.
If we waiver from our position, then it creates further unnecessary confusion within ourselves and makes us overthink, which might consequently lead to a wrong step ultimately. Therefore, learn to choose the side or take the decisions that feels right to you after giving it enough thought and then stand firm to see your belief take shape.
Объяснение:
Жизнь бросает нас в разные ситуации. Некоторые из них тестируют нас, и нам часто бывает трудно справиться с ними. Чтобы справиться с такими ситуациями, чрезвычайно важно, чтобы мы уже выработали набор принципов, которыми мы действительно руководствуемся. Эти принципы нам формировать себя как личность и определять то, за что мы выступаем.
Если мы откажемся от своей первоначальной позиции, это создаст внутри нас дополнительную ненужную путаницу и заставит сомневаться, что в конечном итоге может привести к неверному шагу. Поэтому научитесь выбирать правильную позицию или принимать решения, которые кажутся вам правильными, после того, как вы достаточно обдумываете их, а затем осуществляйте их, чтобы увидеть, как ваша вера обретает форму.