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The Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is Russia’s supreme law, passed through a
national vote. It contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system.
The Constitution:
defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation;
establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;
defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and
judicial branches;
establishes equality of ideologies and religions;
defines the Russian Federation as a secular state.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human
and a citizen, sets their priority when deciding any issues, and proclaims the principle of
equality before law and court. As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list
of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the issues that are within the jurisdiction
of the Russian Federation and those that are within the joint jurisdiction of federal and local
authorities.
Separate articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian
Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the
Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, theorder and the terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their сompetence are
defined according to the principle of separation of powers.
Under the Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full
authority in the Russian Federation belongs to the President and the bodies of the legislative
(two-chamber parliament — Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian
Federation) and the judicial authorities, which work independently.
The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of the State; the duties of the
President are listed, including his status of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of
the Russian Federation. The Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the
President of the Russian Federation upon taking office.
The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the Federation Council and the State
Duma) represents the legislature. The order of electing representatives for these chambers,
their competence, terms of office are provided by the Constitution.
The Government of the Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution
determines the extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office of
government officials.
Judicial power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and
criminal legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes the principles of independence,
irremovability and immunity of judges, thus providing for objectiveness and impartiality of
the court.
The system of courts of the Russian Federation consists of:
the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;
the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation;
the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.
Separate articles are devoted to the Russian Federation Procurator’s Office with
functions of supervision and control, and the procedure for adoption of Constitutional
amendments. The Constitution regulates the issues of local self-government, including its
authority and sphere of activity. Transitional and Final provisions regulating the promulgation
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