Перевод mechatronics mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. the purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of au-tomation from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems. nanotechnology at the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology —one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis. for now that goal remains within exploratory engineering. areas of current mechanical engineering re-search in nanotechnology include nanofilters, nanofilms, and nanostructures, among others. finite element analysis this field is not new, as the basis of finite element analysis (fea) or finite element method (fem) dates back to 1941. but evolution of computers has made fea/fem a viable option for anal-ysis of structural problems. many commercial codes such as ansys, nastran and abaqus are widely used in industry for research and design of components. calculix is an open source and free finite element program. some 3d modeling and cad software packages have added fea modules. other techniques such as finite difference method (fdm) and finite-volume method (fvm) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction etc. biomechanics biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells.[32] biomechanics also aids in creating prosthetic limbs and artificial organs for humans. biomechanics is closely related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sci-ences to analyse biological systems. some simple applications of newtonian mechan-ics and/or materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems. computational fluid dynamics computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as cfd, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with sur-faces defined by boundary conditions. with high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simula-tion scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows. initial validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in full-scale testing, e.g. flight tests. acoustical engineering acoustical engineering is one of many other sub disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the ap-plication of acoustics. acoustical engineering is the study of sound and vibration. these engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise. the study of acoustics can range from designing a more effi-cient hearing aid, microphone, headphone, or recording studio to enhancing the sound quality of an orchestra hall. acoustical engineering also deals with the vibration of different mechanical systems. industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of com-plex processes or systems. it is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, ma-terials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as operations management. depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineer-ing, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. for example, in health care, the engineers known as health management engineers or health systems engineers are, in essence, industrial engi-neers by another name.
