Earth is surrounded by air membrane - atmosphere. it is a mechanical mixture of gases. the atmosphere has several layers. most important for a person is the bottom layer - the troposphere. there's clouds are formed, born thunderstorms, downpours and snowfalls. here is all the water vapor. its height ranges from 8 to 12 km. a characteristic feature of the troposphere is to reduce the height of the air pressure and decreasing temperature. the reason is that sunlight tropospheric air almost transparent and it is heated and cooled mainly on the ground.the layer of air that separates the troposphere from the layer that lies above is called tropopause (thickness from tens to hundreds of meters).above at a height of 8-17 to 50-55 km is the stratosphere. it has poor water vapor. therefore, there is no rapid process of cloud formation and precipitation. the temperature in the stratosphere increases with altitude. the air in it is heated by sunlight. here is the ozone layer, the air is enriched triatomic oxygen. it protects all life on earth from harmful effects of ultraviolet solar radiation hard.more stratosphere is the mesosphere above, where the temperature drops with height.thermosphere borders between the heights of 80 and 800 km. on the stratosphere and thermosphere we know very little.the bulk of the atmosphere contained in a relatively thin layer,in which the density of air decreases rapidly with altitude.because 1 m3 of air at sea level weighs 1033 grams and at an altitude of 40 km - only 4 hwe live in the lower layer of the atmosphere. so you can see how clouds are formed, feel pody winds, falling on our heads precipitation. with the atmosphere associated with such extreme natural phenomena such as snow, dust storms, hurricanes and tornadoes, floods and more.recently -meteorolohy scientists are sounding the alarm: today the earth's atmosphere is warming much faster than ever in the past. this is mainly due to human activities: burning large quantities of coal, oil, gas, and commissioning of nuclear power plants; burning fossil fuels and deforestation as a result of accumulated carbon dioxide atmosphere. over the past hundred years the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air has increased by 17%. the earth's atmosphere it effect like glass in a greenhouse or a greenhouse, it freely passes solar rays to the earth's surface, but keeps it warm. this causes heating of the atmosphere known as the greenhouse effect, which could cause a global environmental crisis.as already mentioned, at altitudes of 20-50 km air contains increased amounts of ozone, which is formed by ordinary diatomic oxygen absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation. as a result of photochemical reactions of ultraviolet radiation energy is spent on the formation of ozone from oxygen. recently, the amount of ozone in the ozone layer rapidly decreases, which is extremely alarmed scientists in the world. if the ozone layer disappears completely, then at least it threatens destruction of the earth's biota (environment).established that the ozone layer contribute to some chemicals, including products and technological activity. modern industry makes extensive use of so-called freon as a refrigerant in household refrigerators and refryzhektorah as aerosol rozbryzhuvachi in cans with paint, perfume and so on. each year the world produced millions of tons of cfcs. for a man freon vapor is not harmful, and they are extremely dangerous to the ozone layer. once in the stratosphere by ultraviolet radiation they decompose releasing chlorine. this substance acts on ozone as a strong catalyst, expanding it to oxygen molecules. now take measures on preservation of the ozone layer: in 1985 the montreal protocol on protection of atmospheric ozone, which is based on an agreement to reduce the consumption of cfcs with subsequent change of safer chemicals.
Boxing-like fist fighting tournaments took place in ancient Greece. Truly in Europe, fist fighting became a combat sport in 688 BC. e., when fistfights were first included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Modern boxing originated in England at the beginning of the 18th century. Boxing-like fist fighting tournaments took place in ancient Greece. Truly in Europe, fist fighting became a combat sport in 688 BC. e., when fistfights were first included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Modern boxing originated in England at the beginning of the 18th century.
boxing celebrities
Michael Gerard Tyson - American professional boxer, competing in the heavyweight category; one of the most famous and recognizable boxers in history. National Olympic Junior Heavyweight Champion of the United States. The absolute world champion in the heavy weight category among professionals.
Floid Mayweather Jr. is an undefeated American professional boxer who competed in the welterweight division. Bronze medalist of the Olympic Games. World champion in the 2nd featherweight, lightweight, 1st welterweight, welterweight, 1st middle weight categories.
Oscar De La Hoya is an American professional boxer who became world champion in six weight categories. In terms of the number of titles won in different weight categories, only Manny Pacquiao is second. The best boxer regardless of the weight category according to the "Ring" magazine. Also known as a boxing promoter
boxing rules
Since their publication in 1867, the rules of the Marquis of Queensberry have been the primary source of regulation for boxing matches. Rounds are generally 3 minutes long (although 2 minute rounds were also used in the UK). Each boxer enters the ring from the corner allotted to him, and after each round he goes here in order to rest, get the coach's advice and the necessary medical assistance. The referee controls the fight: being in the ring, he monitors the behavior of the fighters, counts knockdowns and penalizes for breaking the rules. Up to three judges can be near the ring in order to assign points to participants. A participant in a fight can become a winner by knocking out his opponent. If a Boxer is knocked to the ground by a kick and touches the floor with any part of his body other than his leg, the Referee will start counting. If within 10 seconds he rises - the fight continues, if not - then he is considered knocked out, and his opponent becomes the winner. Technical knockout is also possible: it is recognized by the referee, doctor or corner of the boxer in case he is injured or cannot defend himself. Sometimes the rule of three knockdowns applies (in title fights under the auspices of the WBA), when this number is equivalent to a technical knockout. If the fight is over, and none of the participants won an early victory, then the outcome is decided by the judges. The winner is the athlete with the most points, but sometimes there are also draws. Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the waist, holding each other, pushing, biting, spitting and wrestling. Also, you cannot hit with your foot, head, knee or any other part of the hand except a clenched fist (elbow, shoulder, forearm, wrist, open palm). It is forbidden to hit in the back, in the back of the neck, in the back of the head and in the kidneys. You can not hold on to the rope or an opponent during the strike, as well as dive below the belt. If the clinch is broken by the referee, both fighters must take a full step back before striking. When one of the boxers is knocked down, the other must move to a neutral corner and wait for the judge's decision. Boxers should not run a lot and be near the ropes many times. One point is deducted for this. The Referee may penalize violation of the rules with a warning, deduction of points or even disqualification. A deliberate action against the rules, injuring the opponent and stopping the fight, usually results in the last and most severe measure. A Boxer who is accidentally hit below the belt may recuperate within 5 minutes. If after the allotted time he is not ready to continue the fight, he is recognized as knocked out. A special point of the rules is an accidental collision of heads, resulting in an injury that makes it impossible or dangerous to continue the fight. If the event happened in the first four rounds, then the fight is considered to be a draw or not taken place (what kind of outcome will be discussed before the fight). If the event occurs after the fourth round, then the fight is stopped and the judges count the votes for the full rounds. An intentional head-on is considered a violation and will be penalized
boxing history
Boxing-like fist fighting tournaments took place in ancient Greece. Truly in Europe, fist fighting became a combat sport in 688 BC. e., when fistfights were first included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Modern boxing originated in England at the beginning of the 18th century. Boxing-like fist fighting tournaments took place in ancient Greece. Truly in Europe, fist fighting became a combat sport in 688 BC. e., when fistfights were first included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Modern boxing originated in England at the beginning of the 18th century.
boxing celebrities
Michael Gerard Tyson - American professional boxer, competing in the heavyweight category; one of the most famous and recognizable boxers in history. National Olympic Junior Heavyweight Champion of the United States. The absolute world champion in the heavy weight category among professionals.
Floid Mayweather Jr. is an undefeated American professional boxer who competed in the welterweight division. Bronze medalist of the Olympic Games. World champion in the 2nd featherweight, lightweight, 1st welterweight, welterweight, 1st middle weight categories.
Oscar De La Hoya is an American professional boxer who became world champion in six weight categories. In terms of the number of titles won in different weight categories, only Manny Pacquiao is second. The best boxer regardless of the weight category according to the "Ring" magazine. Also known as a boxing promoter
boxing rules
Since their publication in 1867, the rules of the Marquis of Queensberry have been the primary source of regulation for boxing matches. Rounds are generally 3 minutes long (although 2 minute rounds were also used in the UK). Each boxer enters the ring from the corner allotted to him, and after each round he goes here in order to rest, get the coach's advice and the necessary medical assistance. The referee controls the fight: being in the ring, he monitors the behavior of the fighters, counts knockdowns and penalizes for breaking the rules. Up to three judges can be near the ring in order to assign points to participants. A participant in a fight can become a winner by knocking out his opponent. If a Boxer is knocked to the ground by a kick and touches the floor with any part of his body other than his leg, the Referee will start counting. If within 10 seconds he rises - the fight continues, if not - then he is considered knocked out, and his opponent becomes the winner. Technical knockout is also possible: it is recognized by the referee, doctor or corner of the boxer in case he is injured or cannot defend himself. Sometimes the rule of three knockdowns applies (in title fights under the auspices of the WBA), when this number is equivalent to a technical knockout. If the fight is over, and none of the participants won an early victory, then the outcome is decided by the judges. The winner is the athlete with the most points, but sometimes there are also draws. Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the waist, holding each other, pushing, biting, spitting and wrestling. Also, you cannot hit with your foot, head, knee or any other part of the hand except a clenched fist (elbow, shoulder, forearm, wrist, open palm). It is forbidden to hit in the back, in the back of the neck, in the back of the head and in the kidneys. You can not hold on to the rope or an opponent during the strike, as well as dive below the belt. If the clinch is broken by the referee, both fighters must take a full step back before striking. When one of the boxers is knocked down, the other must move to a neutral corner and wait for the judge's decision. Boxers should not run a lot and be near the ropes many times. One point is deducted for this. The Referee may penalize violation of the rules with a warning, deduction of points or even disqualification. A deliberate action against the rules, injuring the opponent and stopping the fight, usually results in the last and most severe measure. A Boxer who is accidentally hit below the belt may recuperate within 5 minutes. If after the allotted time he is not ready to continue the fight, he is recognized as knocked out. A special point of the rules is an accidental collision of heads, resulting in an injury that makes it impossible or dangerous to continue the fight. If the event happened in the first four rounds, then the fight is considered to be a draw or not taken place (what kind of outcome will be discussed before the fight). If the event occurs after the fourth round, then the fight is stopped and the judges count the votes for the full rounds. An intentional head-on is considered a violation and will be penalized
Объяснение:
вот
1.история бокса
2. знаменитости бокса
3. правила бокса