Ever since 1889, when Otto von Bismarck, Prussia's 'Iron Chancellor', introduced the first (0) state pension (государственная пенсия), people have increasingly looked to government to provide (1) pension payments (пенсионные выплаты), health care and protection against poverty — which together are broadly called (2) social insurance (социальное страхование).Britain was the first country in the world to have accepted that it is part of the job of government to help any citizen in need and to have set up a (3) welfare state (государство всеобщего благосостояния). Before the 20th century, (4) welfare (благосостояние) was considered to be the responsibility of local communities. The 'care' provided was often very poor. An especially hated institution in the 19th century was the workhouse, where (5) the old (старые), (6) ill (больные), mentally handicapped and orphans were sent. People were often treated very badly in workhouses, or given as slaves to equally harsh (7) employers (работодатели). During the first half of the 20th century a number of (8) social benefits (социальные льготы) were introduced. These were a small old-aged pension scheme, partial sickness and (9) a dole (пособие по безработице) conditional on regular (10) dues (взносы) and proof of need. In 1948 the National Health Service was set up.
Compare your ideas with your partner. experience of lifetime сильнейшее впечатление в жизни to provide with снабжать to benefit from получать пользу от to experience firsthand прочувствовать на себе participant участник lifelong пожизненный appreciation of something признательность to enhance students' lives вносить разнообразие в жизнь студентов unforgettable awareness of something незабываемое осознание to gain skills набираться умения maturity зрелость self-confidence уверенность в себе communicativeness общительность
experience of lifetime сильнейшее впечатление в жизни
to provide with снабжать
to benefit from получать пользу от
to experience firsthand прочувствовать на себе
participant участник
lifelong пожизненный
appreciation of something признательность
to enhance students' lives вносить разнообразие в жизнь студентов
unforgettable awareness of something незабываемое осознание
to gain skills набираться умения
maturity зрелость
self-confidence уверенность в себе
communicativeness общительность