Present perfect (simple and continuous) present perfect simple: have / has + past participle
1 I’ve been to Australia. Have you ever broken
your leg?
2 We’ve just phoned the doctor.
I’ve already finished my lunch.
3 It’s the best book I’ve ever read.
It’s the first time we’ve done this.
4 My sister’s had a baby! Look, I’ve cut my finger.
5 I’ve known her since I was a child.
She’s had the job for six months.
6 How many of his books have you read?
She’s been out twice this week.
Use auxiliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs (can, must, etc.):
1 in short answers, instead of answering just Yes / No.
2 to avoid repeating the main verb / verb phrase, e.g. I like dogs but my husband
doesn’t (like dogs).

Russia is the largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-seventh part of dry land. It is situated in Europe and in Asia. It's total area is over 17 million square kilometers, with population of 200 million people. There are 1,030 towns and cities in this country. Moscow, with 9,5 million people, is it's capital. The country is washed by seas and oceans. By Arctic Ocean in the north and the Pacific Ocean in the east. There are many rivers in Russia. The largest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Yenisei and OB in Asia. The deepest lakes are the Baikal and Ladoga. All rivers flow in the seas. The relief of Russia is mostly flat. Russia is located on two plains the Great Russia Plain and the Western Siberian Plain. There are three main mountains chains in Russia. The Caucasus is a range of mountains which extend from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The highest mountain is the Caucasus. The highest mountain in Caucasus in Russian Federation and in the whole Europe Mount Elbrus is. The Urals extend from the Arctic Ocean to the steppes. This mountain chain divides the European and Asian parts of Russia. The Urals are famous for their valuable minerals. There are 150 volcanoes in Kamchatka, 30 of which are active. Russia Federation is very rich in minerals resources, such as oil, natural gas, coal, iron,gold and others. Russia borders on fourteen countries including the former republics of the USSR, which are now independent states. Russia borders with Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan and so on. Today Russia is one of the world's largest grain products and exporters. It produced 78 % of all its natural gas, 60 % of steel,80 % of timber and 91 % of oil. So, today Russia becomes greatest industrial country. The main cities of Russia are: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Ufa, Perm, Rostov - on - Don, Vladivostok. Many villages in Russia are famous for their specific crafts: painted boxes in Palkn, Wooden tableware in Khokhloma, and toys in Dymkovo. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is the modern city. It's the political center, here the government of our country work. Moscow is the port of five seas, as the Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and with Sea of Azov. Moscow is the cultural center. There are a lot of theatres, museums, institutes, libraries and cinemas. Young people like to visit The Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents there. Everyone can see The Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments in Moscow. There are a lot of famous monuments to Pushkin, Fedorov, and many, many others. Moscow is a very big city and it's transport must be very comfortable and fast. There are a lot of buses, trolley-buses, trams, a lot of metro station(about 190 stations). There are 9 railway stations in Moscow and some airports around the city. The main stations in Moscow is The Central station in Luzhniki. Many competitions and football matches are held there. The Olympic village was build for the 22 Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It's a big complex for sport games. So I'm a patriot of my country and I love it very much.

Leonardo (Лионардо) da Vinci (1452-1519) - painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist. Born on April 15, 1452, in the town of Vinci, n Florence, the illegitimate son of a local notary Pierre Serra Da and a young peasant woman Catarina. Brought up in the house of the father, and with it moved in 1469, (and maybe even in 1466) in Florence. First the ego's name can be found over in the book of corporations of the Florentine artists of 1472 In 1469-1476 biennium (and perhaps to the 1478) worked in botteghe Verrocchio, in 1480 mentioned as having its own workshop. The first evidence of independent work: the order for the altarpiece is a chapel of St. Bernard in the Palace of the Signoria (1478; it has not) and the agreement on the Adoration of the Magi to the monastery of San Donato a Scopeto (1481; work was incomplete). In 1482-1499 years in Milan, in the service of the Duke Ludovico Il Moro, as the University engineer, architect, sculptor and painter. In April 1500, Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence (through Mantua and Venice). In 1502 about years of Cesare Borgia, on whose behalf toured Romagna, Umbria and Tuscany. In 1503-1506's. in Florence is working on a mural in the hall of the Great Council of the Palace della Signoria (the"Battle of Anghiari"), in 1506 returned to Milan in the service of the French Governor Charles d'amboise, where he lives up to 1513, (with a break for a trip to Florence in 1507). With both ends 1513 in rime, where in 1516, was invited by king Francis I of France to the post of first painter, architect and mechanics of the king. Died in the castle cloud 2 yeast 1519, saying manuscript heritage of the pupil of Francesco Melzi, accompanied ego France. Leonardo da Vinci was a great artist-painter, sculptor and architect, but the ingenious scientist, studying mathematics, mechanics, physics, astronomy, Geology, botany, anatomy and physiology of human and animals, consistently carried out the principle of experimental research. The ego manuscripts are drawings of flying machines, parachute and helicopter, new designs and screw-cutting machine tools, printing, woodworking and other machines of differing accuracy anatomical drawings, thoughts relating to mathematics, optics, cosmology (the idea of physical homogeneity of the universe), and other Sciences. About seven thousand pages of the extant manuscripts (written in Italian in the most right-to-left mirror) were later separated and stored now in the libraries of London, Windsor, Paris, Milan and Turin.