. Quiz-game "What do you know about computers?" (Who is the first to give the right answers to the questions below?) 1. What does "a computer-literate" person mean?
2. What is the role of computers in our society?
v?. What is electronics?
4. Where are electronic devices used?
5. What jnvention contributed to the appearance of
electronics?
6. When and where was the transistor invented?
7. What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum
tube?
8. When was the integrated circuit discovered?
9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit?
10. What is microelectronics?
11. What techniques does microelectronics use?
12. What scales of integration are known to you?
13. What do you understand by microminiaturization?
14. What was the very first calculating device?
15. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 16.. Who invented the first calculating machine?
17. How was the first calculating machine called?
18. What was the first means of coding data?
19. What Business Corporation was the first to produce
computers?
20- In what fields were the first computers used?
21 U When was the first analog computer build?
22^ What was the name of the first digital computer?
23T)Who built the first digital computer?
24Г What is ENIAC? Decode it.
25. Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions
in binary code?
26. What does binary code mean?
27. What were computers of the first generation based on?
28. What invention contributed to the appearance of the
second generation computers?
29. What was the essence of the third computer generation?
30. What is the basis of the fourth computer generation?
5T) What is a computer?
"32. What are the main junciiom-of the computers?
33. What is a program?
34. What are data?
35. What is data processing?
$f& Name four advantages of computer data processing.
37. What is capacity storage?
38. What is hardware?
39. What is software?
40. Who designs computers?
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Объяснение:
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2. Computers play a crucial role in our society. They are widely used in various sectors such as education, healthcare, business, communication, entertainment, and research. They facilitate faster and more efficient data processing, storage, and communication. Computers also enable automation, improve productivity, and provide access to vast amounts of information.
3. Electronics is a branch of science and technology that deals with the study and application of electron flow within devices and systems. It involves the design, development, and utilization of electronic components, circuits, and systems.
4. Electronic devices are used in various industries, households, and institutions. Examples of electronic devices include smartphones, computers, televisions, radios, medical equipment, and communication devices. They are used for communication, entertainment, data processing, and other electronic applications.
5. The invention of the transistor contributed to the appearance of electronics. The transistor, which is a semiconductor device, replaced vacuum tubes in electronic circuits. It allowed for smaller, more efficient, and reliable electronic devices.
6. The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs in the United States by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley.
7. The transistor had several advantages over the vacuum tube. It was smaller in size, consumed less power, produced less heat, and was more reliable. Transistors also allowed for faster switching speeds, which enabled the development of smaller and more efficient electronic devices.
8. The integrated circuit was discovered in 1958. It was invented independently by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. The integrated circuit revolutionized electronics by integrating multiple electronic components onto a single chip of semiconductor material.
9. The essence of the integrated circuit is the integration of electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, onto a single chip. This integration allowed for smaller and more complex electronic circuits, leading to advancements in computing and technology.
10. Microelectronics is a branch of electronics that deals with the design, fabrication, and application of small electronic components and systems. It involves the miniaturization of electronic devices and the integration of complex circuits onto small chips.
11. Microelectronics uses various techniques such as semiconductor fabrication, circuit design, packaging, and testing. These techniques involve the creation of tiny electronic components, the design of efficient circuits, the development of reliable packaging methods, and the testing of electronic systems.
12. Different scales of integration are known in microelectronics. These include:
- Small-scale integration (SSI): Integration of up to 100 electronic components on a single chip.
- Medium-scale integration (MSI): Integration of around 100 to 10,000 electronic components on a single chip.
- Large-scale integration (LSI): Integration of around 10,000 to 1 million electronic components on a single chip.
- Very large scale integration (VLSI): Integration of more than 1 million electronic components on a single chip.
13. Microminiaturization refers to the process of making electronic components and circuits smaller and more compact. It involves reducing the size of individual components and increasing the density of components on a chip. Microminiaturization has led to the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices.
14. The very first calculating device was the abacus. It is an ancient counting tool that allows users to perform arithmetic operations by sliding beads along rods.
15. Logarithm tables were first produced by mathematician John Napier in the early 17th century. His invention of logarithms greatly facilitated complex calculations and mathematical analysis.
16. The first calculating machine was invented by French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in the 17th century. His machine, called the Pascaline, was a mechanical calculator capable of adding and subtracting numbers.
17. The first calculating machine was called the Pascaline, named after its inventor Blaise Pascal.
18. The first means of coding data was the punched card system. Punched cards were used to encode and store information, allowing for data processing and storage.
19. IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) was the first corporation to produce computers. They played a significant role in the development and commercialization of early computers.
20. The first computers were primarily used in scientific and military fields. They were used for calculations, data analysis, code-breaking, and simulations.
21. The first analog computer was built in the late 19th century by James Thomson, also known as Lord Kelvin. It was called the "Harmonic Analyzer."
22. The first digital computer was called the "Atanasoff-Berry Computer" (ABC). It was developed by physicist John Atanasoff and engineer Clifford Berry in the 1930s.
23. The first digital computer, the ABC, was built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State College in the United States.
24. ENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer." It was one of the earliest general-purpose digital computers, developed during World War II. ENIAC was used for calculations related to artillery trajectory, atomic energy, and weather prediction.
25. The idea of storing data and instructions in binary code was contributed by John von Neumann, a mathematician and computer scientist, in the 1940s. He proposed the concept of a stored-program computer, where both data and instructions are stored in the computer's memory.
26. Binary code is a system of representing information using only two possible symbols, usually 0 and 1. In computers, binary code is used to represent and process data, where each bit (binary digit) can have two possible values.
27. Computers of the first generation were based on vacuum tubes. These vacuum tubes were used as electronic switches and amplifiers in early computer circuits.
28. The invention of the transistor contributed to the appearance of second-generation computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more reliable, and more efficient.
29. The third generation of computers focused on the use of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits allowed for further miniaturization, increased processing power, and improved reliability.
30. The fourth generation of computers is based on microprocessors. Microprocessors are integrated circuits that contain the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer. They enabled the development of personal computers and other small, powerful computing devices.
31. A computer is an electronic device that can receive, process, store, and output data. It performs various operations, such as arithmetic calculations, logical operations, and data storage, based on instructions provided by a program.
32. The main functions of computers include data processing, data storage, data transmission, and data presentation. Computers can perform complex calculations, manipulate data, and communicate with other devices.
33. A program is a set of instructions that tell a computer what operations to perform. Programs are written in programming languages and translated into machine code that the computer can understand and execute.
34. Data refers to pieces of information that can be processed by a computer. It can take various forms, such as numbers, text, images, audio, and video.
35. Data processing is the manipulation and transformation of data to obtain useful information. It involves various operations such as input, processing, output, and storage of data.
36. Four advantages of computer data processing are:
a. Speed: Computers can process data much faster than humans, enabling efficient data analysis and decision-making.
b. Accuracy: Computers can perform calculations and operations with high precision and accuracy, reducing errors in data processing.
c. Storage capacity: Computers can store and retrieve large amounts of data in a relatively small physical space.
d. Automation: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, saving time and effort for users.
37. Capacity storage refers to the ability of a computer or storage device to hold large amounts of data. It is typically measured in terabytes (TB) or petabytes (PB).
38. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. It includes devices such as the CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and other internal and external components.
39. Software refers to the programs, applications, and instructions that enable a computer to perform specific tasks. It includes operating systems, utility programs, and application software.
40. Computers are designed by computer engineers and computer scientists. These professionals work on the development of computer hardware, software, and systems to meet specific needs and requirements. Computer design involves a combination of engineering principles, computer science knowledge, and creative problem-solving skills.