Read the article and answer the questions below. Getting rid of the gut
1. It's calorie-free, but it still comes with a cost. New research published in the American Journal of Public Health suggests that diet soda drinkers take in more total calories throughout the day than those who skip the fizzy beverage. More specifically, overweight and obese adults who drink diet soda take in 88-194 more calories, on average, each day in comparison to adults who do not drink diet or regular soda.
2. When eating out, zero in on certain words on a restaurant menu: anything breaded, fried, crusted, smothered or creamed will likely be higher in fat than something that is grilled, broiled or sautéed. Cut down on the condiments and toppings as well. For example, hold the mayo and don’t ask for extra cheese. Of course, these things are much easier to accomplish when eating at home.
3. Research from Northwestern University has linked staying up late—and then sleeping in the next morning—to weight gain. Study subjects who went to bed after midnight, woke up mid-morning and ate their first meal of the day around noon consumed more calories a day, ate more fast food and consumed fewer fruits and vegetables than those who routinely went to bed before midnight and woke up around 8 a.m. each morning. Bottom line: If your weekly routine has you going to bed relatively early each night and waking up early for work every morning, keep up with that routine on weekends.
4. Put down that late afternoon candy bar—your judgment's likely being clouded by your never-ending to-do list. A study from Harvard Medical School suggests that as stress increases cortisol levels in the body, it leads to cravings for sugary and fatty foods. Instead of hitting up the vending machine, reach for one of those smarter desk-side snacks.
5. A study published in the American College of Sports Medicine's Health & Fitness Journal shows that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) burns more fat—abdominal fat in particular—than steady-state cardio routines (e.g., zoning out on the treadmill). Combining cardio and strength training, and switching between upper- and lower-body exercises, is an ideal way to keep your heart rate up and boost your body's fat-burning potential.
6. According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, smokers have larger waist circumferences than nonsmokers due to more abdominal fat and less muscle mass, which are direct effects of smoking. Do your lungs (and waist) a favor and drop the cancer sticks.
Now answer the questions:
1. Are calorie-free fizzy beverages better for health? Why? Explain your answer.
2. What ways of cooking food are healthier and why?
3. Why does staying up late lead to getting extra weight? How can you avoid it?
4. How can stress influence our eating habits and, thus, our weight?
5. What type of training is the best for our body?
6. How can smoking influence people's shape?
2) Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed
3) Closed-die forging is the shaping of hot metal within the walls of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides
4)Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies.
5) Open-die forging, closed-die forging
6) Air hammers, steam hammers
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9) The edges of a flat sheet are gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die
is sheet metal forming
and where it can be used? 3. What is close-die forging? 4. What is forging? 5. What are the types of forging? 6. What types of hammers are used now? 7. Where are coining and upsetting used? 8. What process is used in wire production? 9. Describe the process of making the roof of a Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. One type is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in one die is limited, but several dies in series can be used to get the desired reduction. Sheet metal forming Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. It includes forging, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. Bending can be done by pressing between two dies. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth. Each of these processes may be used alone, but often all three are used on one part. For example, to make the roof of an automobile from a flat sheet, the edges are gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die. Next an upper die is pressed over the top, finishing the forming operation, and finally the edges are sheared off to give the final dimensions. Forging Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It is usually done hot in order to reduce the required force and increase the metal's plasticity. Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made. The earliest forging machines lifted a large hammer that was then dropped on the workpiece, but now air or steam hammers are used, since they allow greater control over the force and the rate of forming. The part is shaped by moving or turning it between blows. Closed-die forging is the shaping of hot metal within the walls of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides. The process starts with a rod or bar cut to the length needed to fill the die. Since large, complex shapes and large strains are involved, several dies may be used to go from the initial bar to the final shape. With closed dies, parts can be made to close tolerances so that little finish machining is required. Two closed-die forging operations are given special names. They are upsetting and coining. Coining takes its name from the final stage of forming metal coins, where the desired imprint is formed on a metal disk that is pressed in a closed die. Coining involves small strains and is done cold. Upsetting involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. An example of this process is the pushing of a short length of a rod through a hole, clamping the rod, and then hitting the exposed length with a die to form the head of a nail or bolt.