Read the text. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
Analogue and digital displays
You have only to think of the array of instruments in the cockpit of a modern airliner, or the control room of a power station to realize that the most convenient way to convey information to a human operator of an electronic system is to use some form of visual display. We know two types of displays to be used, analogue or digital, but sometimes a combination of both of them. An analogue multimeter displays the value of a measurement on a moving-coil meter that uses a pointer moving over a calibrated scale. On the other hand, a digital multimeter generally uses a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a seven-segment light-emitting diode (LED) display to give a numerical value of a measurement.
Digital displays based on LCDs and LEDs are known to have largely replaced analogue displays in many different types of instrument. The main advantage of LED and LCD displays is that, they are more rugged and can stand up to vibration better than the rather fragile moving-coil meter. They are also cheaper and easier to manufacture, and purpose-designed integrated circuits are readily available to operate them. But perhaps the main reason for their rise to fame is that many of today′s electronic systems process digital signals that are compatible with the operating principles of LCDs and LEDs.
Numerical display is not always the preferred choice in a digital system. Sometimes it is better to use an analogue display when the change in a reading is looked for. Analogue displays are often used on hi-fi amplifiers in preference to digital displays to indicate the audio power delivered to loudspeakers or the signal strength of a radio station. These analogue displays use a “bar of light” made of discrete LEDs or LCD segments that lengthen or shortens in response to the signal strength. Analogue displays of that kind make it easier to see how the signal strength changes with time rather than having to interpret the precise value. Perhaps that is why some people prefer digital watches with LCD “hands” since the time of day seems to have more meaning when set against the twelve-hour scale of time round the face of the watch.
The combination of electronics and optics is known to be optoelectronics. For example, an LED is an optoelectronics device. Numbers, letters and other symbols are formed by the selective illumination of one or more segments arranged in the form of the figure “8”. Each of the LEDs labeled ‘a’ to ‘g’ can be switched on or off by digital circuits. A display of this type, forming both numbers and some letters, is known as an alphanumeric display.
The LCD is a popular method of displaying information, especially in digital watches and pocket games. LCDs can display not just numerical data, but also words and pictures. Large-area LCDs rather than a cathode-ray tube are commonly used on some oscilloscopes, laptop computers and scientific calculators. The main reason for choosing LCDs for these applications is that their power consumption is minute compared with LED displays. Whereas the LED display requires electrical power to generate light, the LCD simply controls available light. This means that it is easily seen in bright sunlight but it cannot be seen in the dark unless the display is “backlighted”.
The LCD relies on the transmission or absorption of light by certain organic carbon crystals that behave as if they were both solid and liquid, that is, their molecules readily take up a pattern as in a crystal and yet flow as a liquid. In the construction of the common LCD unit, this compound is sandwiched between two closely-spaced, transparent metal electrodes that are in the form of a pattern, e.g. as a seven-segment digit. When an a.c. signal is applied across a selected segment, the electric field causes the molecular arrangement of the crystal to change, and the segment shows up as a dark area against a silvery background. A polarizing filter on the top and bottom of the display enhances the contrast of black against silver by reducing reflected light. This type of LCD is called a field-effect LCD, since it relies on the electric field produced by the a.c. signal.
Задание 1. 1. His work was more careless than mine.
His work was the most careless in the class.
2. Basketball is more popular than tennis.
Basketball is the most popular (sport) in the USA.
3. This watch is more expensive than that one.
This watch is the most expensive in the shop
4. Tuesday is more convenient for me than Friday.
Tuesday is the most convenient for me of all week- days.
Задание 2.
1. I‘m going on a trip to New York.
2. Please make an appointment when you come.
3. My brother isn’t going with me.
4. Were you interviewed by Mr. Cooper?
5. Did you put your signature on this application form?
6. I have changed my appointment on Monday to Tuesday.
7. I can come any day besidesThursday.
Задание 3.
1. The performance must be over and there are many people leaving the theatre.
2. I don’t believe that he said it. He can’t say such things.
3. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They can’t break their promise.
4. Can you really mean this?
5. I’m sure my students must be at a lecture now; they never miss classes.
6. The message must be delivered in time as we received an immediate answer.
7. There is no doubt that was all prepared beforehand. He may watch you.
Albert Einstein was an outstanding German-born theoretical physicist and one of the fathers of modern physics. He received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an Honorary Doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world. Einstein wrote more than 300 scientific papers and 150 books on the history and essence of science. He was born on March 14th, 1879, in Ulm, in the family of a salesman. His father and his uncle were the founders of one electrical equipment company. His mother was a housewife. When he was still a toddler, his family moved to Munchen where Albert attended a Catholic elementary school. Later, he transferred to Gymnasium, which now has his name. When he turned 14, he moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Zurich Polytechnic School. Starting from 1909, he taught at this educational institution and became a Professor.
At the age of 34, he was already the director of the Institute of Physics and a Professor of the University of Berlin. In 1933 he was forced to leave Germany by the Nazis. He moved to the USA then and lectured there at Princeton until his death. His three important scientific works on the theory of relativity, the Brownian motion and quantum theory were published already in 1905. The next year, he created the formula about the relation between mass and energy. In 1916, he predicted the phenomenon of induced radiation of atoms. A year later he completed the general theory of relativity. His theory for the first time in science showed the link between the space-time geometry and distribution of mass in the universe. This theory was based on Newton’s gravitational law. Although Einstein’s theories seemed too revolutionary for that time, he soon received a number of confirmations.
In 1920s and 1930s the anti-Semitism was gradually gaining popularity in Germany. His theory of relativity became a subject of criticism. When the scientific work became impossible in his native country, he moved to the USA. There, he instantly received a professorship at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Unified field theory became the subject of his scientific research for the last twenty years of his life. He tried to bring the theory of gravitation and electromagnetic field together. During the Second World War, he heard of the German uranium project and wrote an open letter to the US President Franklin warning about the possible consequences of the Nazi’s creation of atomic bomb. Shortly before his death, Einstein signed a petition addressed to the governments of all countries, warning them about the dangers of hydrogen bomb and nuclear weapons.
An outstanding and brilliant physicist died on April 18th, 1955. During his life he had a great number of honorary awards and world recognition. He had once received an offer to become the president of Israel, which he politely refused. In 1999, “The Times” magazine named him the man of the century. Einstein was married twice. He met his first wife when he was studying in Zurich. The couple had two sons. In 1919, he got a divorce and married his widowed cousin Elsa, who died in 1936. In his free time he liked playing the violin and was rather good at it. Another cherished hobby of the scientist was sailing.(Про Альберта Эйнштейна)