Revolution that erupted from two volcanoes Like the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, these eruptions blew large amounts of sulphurous ash into the atmosphere, partly blocking the sun`s rays and temporarily cooling the climate.
France in 1789 was already bankrupt because of a long war in America. The government was threatened by a plot to organise riots financed by an ambitious aristocrat who wanted to become king. 1___The result of the eruptions was several years of cold, wet weather in Europe. Two violent storms in 3788 and 1789 destroyed the harvest in many parts of the 20 country and the resulting shortage of corn was made worse by the Finance Minister`s refusal to import corn from abroad on the grounds that the state could not afford it.
2___ When the people of France saw wagons full of 25 com go through their village streets they said, ‘There is plenty of com, but not for us: it`s for the king, the aristocrats, the rich who have plenty to eat while we go hungry.’ And then the maddened people would throw the sacks of corn into the nearest river.
Another volcanic eruption - in Indonesia in April 1815 - may have helped cause Napoleon’s defeat at the battle of Waterloo. 31816 was called the ‘year without a summer’. Torrential
rains marked the beginning of the Waterloo campaign, creating 35 deep mud which for many hours prevented Napoleon from moving his big guns.
The French revolution is one of many examples where a change of climate was the final blow to an already threatened society.
40 The Little Ice Age, which started about AD 1400, threatened the Scandinavian colony in Greenland. 4 They might have survived if, instead of sticking to their aristocratic society, they had moved from farming to hunting, like the Eskimos who replaced them.
At about the same period the great civilization of the Mayas in Yucatan faced ever worsening droughts. 5This had the opposite effect to that intended, since forcing people into the army meant they had to leave their land.
{5}
Task 2. Find words or phrases in the article which mean:
• For a short time (paragraph 1)
• Financially ruined time (paragraph 2)
• For the reason that (paragraph 2)
• Made angry (paragraph 3)
• Very heavy rain (paragraph 3)
{5}
2. Employees must be sure that they can rely on a business in the sense that the prospects of employment and financial rewards will be securid.
3. Could you give some ideas how to charge the prices?
4. You can raise the price after your customers try a new brand get to known it and like it.
5 . I spoke with the chief. Now you can change the credit terms.
6. They are very talented specialists. I think they can design the new line very quickly.
7. The situation has changed. So we must start with specially low prices.
8. We could choose price emphasis policy for this item.
БИОЛОГИ ОТКРЫВАЮТ ВСЕ НОВЫЕ ВИДЫ ЖИВОТНЫХ И РАСТЕНИЙ
Как ни странно, каждый год ученые находят не только новых рептилий, насекомых, бабочек или лиан, но даже довольно крупных по размерам млекопитающих, а пару лет назад на Мадагаскаре открыли чуть ли не самую высокую в мире пальму
Для начала отметим, что биологи открывают новые виды далеко не только в дождевых лесах или труднодоступных горных районах Папуа - Новой Гвинеи или того же Мадагаскара, но и в генетических лабораториях, до которых можно добраться на метро. Прогресс генетики позволяет исследовать ДНК и разделить на два вида популяцию каких-либо животных, ранее считавшуюся единым видом. И речь не идет о каких-нибудь малозаметных букашках - описанным образом в Индонезии "открыли" новый вид слона! И хотя их назвали слонами-пигмеями , рост этих животных достигает полутора метров.
Кроме самой природы и лаборатории существует еще одно необычное место, где ученым удавалось обнаружить неизвестные ранее виды живого. Это продовольственные рынки Юго-Восточной Азии. Несколько лет назад на таком лаосском рынке европейская ученая дама купила крысу, которую непритязательные лаотяне едят с рисом и острым соусом. Но биолог не стала готовить из грызуна шашлык, а тщательно изучила и опубликовала статью о появлении в классификации животных нового вида, который она назвала леонастисом. Похожая история произошла и во Вьетнаме.
На английском:
BIOLOGISTS DISCOVER NEW SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Oddly enough, every year scientists discover not only new reptiles, insects, butterflies or vines, but even a fairly large size mammals, and a couple of years ago in Madagascar opened almost the highest palm tree
To begin, we note that biologists discover new species not only in the rain forests or the remote mountainous areas of Papua New Guinea or Madagascar, but also in genetic laboratories, which can be reached by metro. Advances in genetics allows you to explore DNA and divide into two kinds, the population of any animal, previously considered a single species. And we are not talking about some minor bugs - described way in Indonesia "discovered" a new species of elephant! And although they were called elephants-the pygmies , the growth of these animals reaches five feet.
In addition to the nature and the laboratory, there is another unusual place where scientists were able to detect previously unknown species of the living. This food markets in South-East Asia. A few years ago at such a Lao market European academic lady bought a rat that unassuming found is eaten with rice and spicy sauce. But the biologist did not cook from rodent skewers, and carefully studied and published an article about the appearance in the classification of new species of animals, which she called laonastes. A similar story happened in Vietnam.