Самостоятельная работа по теме «International conferences»
1. Read and translate the text:
In the course of the twentieth century diplomacy has undergone enormous transformations. At its beginning diplomacy was still the art of conducting bilateral relations between states as an alternative to violent confrontation.
Over recent years, as the range of international business has increased, conference diplomacy was still the art of conducting bilateral relations between states as an alternative to violent confrontation.
Over recent years, as the range of international business has increased, conference diplomacy has also become more refined, like diplomacy in all its forms, adapted to changing situations.
International conferences can be classified in a number of ways. They may be:
• bilateral or multilateral;
• single-subject or multi-subject;
• ad hoc or regular.
International conferences may also be classified in terms of the objectives that they set out to achieve. The main objective of conferences is to discuss problems and find solutions that are so far as possible acceptable to all participants.
Conferences can be divided into three general categories: those that are completely open and to which the public and media are invited; those that are completely closed, the public and the media being provided with a final communiqué agreed by the participants; and those that are limited to the participating members, the public and the media being informed by individual participants by means of press conferences and other forms of publicity.
International conference may be compared with the football match, where the interplay of skills and techniques between professional players each seeking to gain the maximum advantage, is displayed. And the game must be played according to the rules. These rules must be observed and accepted by all the participants.
In this game a great role is played by the presiding officer. That’s why, he must be fair, firm, well aware of the rules of procedure, and very sensitive; not to mention monumental patience and, at times, self-restraint.
By custom, the head of the host state usually chairs the conference, and therefore has a greater degree of control over the agenda.
2. Выполните задание (письменно):
Look through some fresh newspapers and find some information or facts and answer “What is happening in the world today?” The following plan may be helpful:
International conferences (forums, sessions, meetings, talks) that have recently been held to discuss this question:
a) the agenda of the conference
b) the participants
Если говорим о неизвестном предмете, то неопределенный артикль A / An. Если речь идет о чем-то определенном, то перед ним ставится артикль The.
Подсказка.
Артикль The произошел от This (это) - можно пальцем указать.
A / An произошел от One (один).
Артикль A ставится перед словами, которые начинаются с согласных звуков (a cat, a house, a yard), а An – перед словами, которые начинаются с гласных звуков (an apple, an hour).
Когда мы классифицируем предмет, относим его к определенной группе предметов.
A cow is an animal. – Корова – это животное.
An apple is a fruit. – Яблоко – фрукт.
2. Когда мы характеризуем предмет.
My mother is a nurse. – Моя мама – медсестра.
He is an idiot! – Он – идиот!
3. С неисчисляемыми предметами в значении «порция».
Could you bring me a coffee? – Ты не принесешь мне чашку кофе?
Buy a milk. – Купи пакет молока.
В отличие от неопределенного, определенный артикль может ставится перед любыми существительными в любом числе. Но когда?
1. Перед предметами, единственными в своем роде.
The president visited the veterans. – Президент навестил ветеранов. (Ведь у каждой страны только один президент).
The Earth moves around the Sun. – Земля движется вокруг солнца.
2. Перед предметами из ограниченной группы.
The wheel of the car was missing. – Колеса у машины не было. (Одного из 4-х колес машины не было).
3. Перед предметами, к которым имеется определение.
The boy that has stolen a purse, was caught. – Мальчика, укравшего сумочку, поймали.
The leader of this movement was born in Germany. – Лидер этого движения родился в Германии. (Какой лидер? – этого движения).
Объяснение:
2. The most popular holiday in Britain is Christmas.
3. One of the most traditional Christmas song in Britain is Christmas Carols. Christmas carols are special songs which are sung during the Christmas season. The songs are about Jesus and the time when he was born.
4. Children leave sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve.
5. Boxing Day was traditionally a day off for servants, and the day when they received a special Christmas box from their masters. The servants would also go home on Boxing Day to give Christmas boxes to their families.
6. Hogmanay is what we Scots call New Year's Eve - 31 December - the big night that marks the arrival of the new year.