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климат — погода в определенном месте в течение долгого периода времени. климат имеет важное влияние на растения, животных и людей и различается в разных частях света.
россия самая большая страна в мире. она расположена на огромной территории от побережья тихого океана к центру европы, и ее климат на севере, юге, востоке и западе различается. на западе, например, климат обычно мягкий и влажный. в то же время самое холодное место на планете находится на севере сибири, тогда как на юге россии много солнечного света, и жара летом может быть действительно ужасной. летние и зимние температуры различные в москве, омске или красноярске, в волгограде или ростове. в арктике температура зимой достаточно низкая. в зоне тайги длинные, суровые зимы и короткое лето. между черным и каспийским морями жарко летом.
но недавно климат в нашей стране сильно изменился, особенно в ее европейской части. некоторые ученые считают, что в мире становиться жарче. если вы сравните температуру московского лета и зимы в начале века и в его конце, вы обнаружите, что температура на самом деле изменилась. зимы стали теплее. иногда в январе выпадает маленький снежок, а также были зимы, когда накануне нового года шел дождь (не
многие люди говорят, что так происходит из-за парникового эффекта. вы когда-нибудь слышали об этом? это происходит так: солнечный свет дает нам тепло. некоторая часть тепла согревает атмосферу, некоторая часть тепла возвращается назад в космос. в наши дни воздух, окружающий землю, стал гораздо теплее из-за того, что тепло не может вернуться назад в космос. вот почему температуры зимы и лета во многих местах стали выше. в течение последних ста лет люди произвели много углекислого газа. этот газ в атмосфере действует как стекло в парнике. он впускает тепло, но не позволяет большому количеству тепла вырваться наружу. так
что атмосфера становится теплее. откуда приходит углекислый газ? люди и животные вдыхают кислород и выдыхают углекислый газ. мы производим углекислый газ, когда сжигаем предметы. деревья поглощают газ из воздуха и производят кислород, но за последние пять лет люди вырубили и сожгли большое количество тропических лесов. это означает, что остается немного деревьев и, разумеется, много углекислого газа!
как мы видим, климат в различных частях света понемногу меняется из года в год. эти изменения могут быть опасны для нашей хрупкой планеты, которая нуждается в защите. земле миллионы лет, гораздо старше, чем люди. мы знаем множество ее секретов. но многие еще предстоит узнать.
An Overview of Traditions and Culture in France
French traditions and culture hold a special fascination for foreigners. Certain elements of the culture are world-famous, such as the deep regard the French have for excellent food and wine. Other parts are less well-known, and you’ll only discover it when you’ve made some horrible faux pas (mistake) at a dinner party.
France is a country of 65 million people. The country is multiethnic and multicultural, but it’s illegal to keep statistics on different ethnicities, so the actual percentage of the population each group comprises is unknown. It’s estimated that 83%-88% of the population is Catholic, 2% Protestant, 5%-10% Muslim, 1% Jewish, 1% Buddhist, and less than 1% Sikh. Ethnic groups include: Bretons, Basques, North Africans, Africans, Eastern Europeans, Southeast Asians, and more.
France’s official name is “The Republic of France”. The State is headed by the President, who is elected by the people for a five-year term and is responsible for determining governmental policy. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and is responsible for implementing laws and policy and coordinating the actions of the government ministers.
In France, the vast majority of native citizens speak French. This fact causes many English-speaking foreigners much anxiety, as the French have a long-held and rather unfair reputation for not liking to speak English. In reality, plenty of French people, particularly in large cities such as Paris, speak English well and enjoy doing so. But, on the whole, French people dislike being addressed in English by foreigners without first being asked whether they speak English.
Solve this problem by mastering the phrase: Parlez-vous anglais? (Par-lay voo anh-gleh)–Do you speak English?–and use it before initiating conversation with a French person. You’ll find that this small effort will be greatly appreciated. If you’re moving to France or intend to stay for a long period, however, it’s a smart to learn the basics of French before heading over. Not only will it make life easier, it’ll open a whole new world to you.
A few other languages are spoken in France by a tiny minority of the French population, including: Breton, Basque, Catalan, Flemish, and Arabic.
French wines hold probably the most revered cultural status of all. With a history dating back to the Middle Ages, there are 12 major wine-growing regions in France, the most famous being Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Champagne. It’s thanks to France that we have well-known grapes like Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah. Indeed, almost all classic grape varietals in the world were originally sourced from France.
In 2016, France exported some $9 billion in wine, amounting to 28.2% of total wine exports. The country exports the highest percentage of fine wines in the world, although not the world’s top wine exporter (that honor goes to Italy…at the moment).
Despite the strong wine culture, most French people don’t drink wine willy-nilly. Wine is generally imbibed with meals, not before or after. Before-dinner drinks are called apéritifs and usually consist of champagne, beer, cocktails, or sweet drinks like fruit juice or port wines. Digestifs, after-dinner drinks, commonly consist of brandies or liqueurs, such as Cognac, Armagnac, Calvados, or fruit-based Eau de Vie.
When you stay in France, whether for four days or four years, familiarizing yourself with its cultures and traditions will deepen your experience. Here’s a quick guide to set you on your way.
An Overview of Traditions and Culture in France
French traditions and culture hold a special fascination for foreigners. Certain elements of the culture are world-famous, such as the deep regard the French have for excellent food and wine. Other parts are less well-known, and you’ll only discover it when you’ve made some horrible faux pas (mistake) at a dinner party.
France is a country of 65 million people. The country is multiethnic and multicultural, but it’s illegal to keep statistics on different ethnicities, so the actual percentage of the population each group comprises is unknown. It’s estimated that 83%-88% of the population is Catholic, 2% Protestant, 5%-10% Muslim, 1% Jewish, 1% Buddhist, and less than 1% Sikh. Ethnic groups include: Bretons, Basques, North Africans, Africans, Eastern Europeans, Southeast Asians, and more.
France’s official name is “The Republic of France”. The State is headed by the President, who is elected by the people for a five-year term and is responsible for determining governmental policy. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and is responsible for implementing laws and policy and coordinating the actions of the government ministers.
In France, the vast majority of native citizens speak French. This fact causes many English-speaking foreigners much anxiety, as the French have a long-held and rather unfair reputation for not liking to speak English. In reality, plenty of French people, particularly in large cities such as Paris, speak English well and enjoy doing so. But, on the whole, French people dislike being addressed in English by foreigners without first being asked whether they speak English.
Solve this problem by mastering the phrase: Parlez-vous anglais? (Par-lay voo anh-gleh)–Do you speak English?–and use it before initiating conversation with a French person. You’ll find that this small effort will be greatly appreciated. If you’re moving to France or intend to stay for a long period, however, it’s a smart to learn the basics of French before heading over. Not only will it make life easier, it’ll open a whole new world to you.
A few other languages are spoken in France by a tiny minority of the French population, including: Breton, Basque, Catalan, Flemish, and Arabic.
French wines hold probably the most revered cultural status of all. With a history dating back to the Middle Ages, there are 12 major wine-growing regions in France, the most famous being Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Champagne. It’s thanks to France that we have well-known grapes like Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah. Indeed, almost all classic grape varietals in the world were originally sourced from France.
In 2016, France exported some $9 billion in wine, amounting to 28.2% of total wine exports. The country exports the highest percentage of fine wines in the world, although not the world’s top wine exporter (that honor goes to Italy…at the moment).
Despite the strong wine culture, most French people don’t drink wine willy-nilly. Wine is generally imbibed with meals, not before or after. Before-dinner drinks are called apéritifs and usually consist of champagne, beer, cocktails, or sweet drinks like fruit juice or port wines. Digestifs, after-dinner drinks, commonly consist of brandies or liqueurs, such as Cognac, Armagnac, Calvados, or fruit-based Eau de Vie.
When you stay in France, whether for four days or four years, familiarizing yourself with its cultures and traditions will deepen your experience. Here’s a quick guide to set you on your way.