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Most people are aware that smoking and heavy drinking are unhealthy habits, but not many realise just how much harm they can cause.
Dr Stanley Chia, cardiologist at Mount Elizabeth Hospitals, explains the effects of smoking and drinking on our health.
Growing up, many children may view drinking and smoking as privileges of adults and therefore ‘cool’ activities to engage in. Media portrayal of smoking and alcohol use has certainly helped to perpetuate the appeal of these social habits. The importance of public awareness about the dangers of heavy smoking and drinking has never been greater.
The danger of smoking
Cigarettes contain more than 4,000 chemical compounds and 400 toxic chemicals that include tar, carbon monoxide, DDT, arsenic and formaldehyde. The nicotine in cigarettes, in particular, makes them highly addictive. There are so many diseases caused by smoking that it’s hard to decide where to begin.
Any amount and type of smoking is bad for your health. Besides being a notorious risk factor for lung cancer, coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke, smoking can damage almost any organ in our body, leading to leukaemia and cancers of the kidney, pancreas, bladder, throat, mouth and uterus. It can damage the airways and air sacs of our lungs to cause chronic bronchitis and breathing difficulties. It can also raise our blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reduce bone density in women and increase the risk of infertility, preterm delivery, stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome.
The danger of heavy drinking
Most people like to have a drink or two, be it beer, wine or spirits. Light drinking is acceptable and may even be beneficial for the heart. Heavy and binge drinking, on the other hand, can lead to serious medical problems.
A healthy limit for drinking is usually no more than 2 drinks (3 units of alcohol) a day for men and 1 drink (2 units) a day for women. Binge drinking means having 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women on one occasion.
Certain groups of people should not drink alcohol at all. These include young people under the age of 18, pregnant women, people with certain health conditions, patients on medication that will interact with alcohol, recovering alcoholics, and people who intend to drive or do activities that require attention and coordination.
Heavy drinking can lead to many serious health conditions. Binge drinking can cause immediate problems such as acute intoxication, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, impaired judgment and alcohol poisoning.
In the long term, heavy alcohol consumption can cause high blood pressure, gastric problems, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, pancreatitis, memory impairment, alcohol dependence and various psychological conditions. Excessive alcohol drinking can also result in accidental injuries and even death. Pregnant women who drink heavily can harm their babies.

Green Eggs and Ham is a much-loved classic by Dr. Seuss, which is not only fun to read but also raises important questions about the relationship between beliefs and experiences. Sam-I-Am spends the entire book offering green eggs and ham to the narrator, who adamantly refuses to try the delicacy because he does not like Sam-I-Am. Sam-I-Am offers to serve the dish in a number of different locations with a number of different partners. However, his persistence does not succeed until the very end, when the narrator finally caves in and tries it, only to find he loves it, and will eat it anywhere and with anyone. He also overcomes his dislike for Sam-I-Am.

This book raises the question of the role that experience plays in the formation of our beliefs. This topic is discussed in the area of philosophy, known as the theory of knowledge or epistemology. Although the book raises the issue in regard to beliefs about food, the ideas can be applied to beliefs about anything. For example, we can taste something and decide that we don’t like a particular food. However, in other cases, we can simply read about something, like getting into a car crash, for example, and come to the conclusion that we do not want to ever be in a car crash. In this case, we did not need to experience the crash to decide that we don’t want it to happen to us.

There are two main positions that philosophers may take in this discussion. The first is that experience is necessary in establishing our judgments. The second is claiming that sometimes experience may not be necessary to determine what we think, for we can rely on reason alone.

Some philosophers might justify the narrator’s actions by asserting that it is possible not to like something even when you have not tried it. In this scenario, the fundamental idea is that it’s possible to form judgments through reason without recourse to experience. For instance, we do not necessarily need to be in a car accident to decide that we do not want to experience one.

Alternatively, other philosophers may claim that experience is important when we are making judgments. They can use the narrator as an example, claiming that once he had tried green eggs and ham, he realized that he, in fact, loved the food. Here, philosophers are claiming that experience is necessary for establishing beliefs.

The aim of the questions below is to get children thinking about the role of experience in establishing our beliefs. They should be thinking about when and where we need experiences to justify our beliefs, and when actual experiences are not necessary for the beliefs. The questions begin with a set of warm-up questions to get the children to begin thinking about the idea of judgments.

Questions for Philosophical Discussion

Preferences

Why does the narrator not eat green eggs and ham?

Do you think the narrator would have tried green eggs and ham if someone other than Sam-I-Am was offering them?

Is it fair to refuse to do something just because someone you dislike likes it?

Sam-I-Am gives the narrator a lot of options of how to eat his green eggs and ham; he gives him choices about where to eat and who to eat with. Is it possible to like something in one environment or with someone, but not like it in another? (For example, have you ever really liked a film in the cinema, but when you buy it on DVD, it is not as good?)

Is it fair of Sam-I-Am to keep pestering the narrator to try green eggs and ham? Should he have left him alone after the first time the narrator said he does not like green eggs and ham?

Experience

Do you have to experience something to decide whether you like or dislike it?

If not, how many times do you need to try something? Is it possible that sometimes, even though you may not like something the first time, it may grow on you?

The narrator claims he does not like green eggs and ham, even though he has never tried them. Do people in real life offer opinions about things, even if they have never experienced them? Why do they do this?

At the end of the book, the narrator declares he likes green eggs and ham after trying them. Is it okay to change your mind about something?

Reason

Is it possible to form opinions and ideas about things with having tried it?

If you have not experienced something, what do you need to do in order to form an opinion about it?

Is it enough to base your opinions on what other people think?

Are judgments based on experience worth more than then opinions based on reason?

Original questions and guidelines for philosophical discussion by Taiba Akhtar. Edited June 2020 by The Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics.

Find tips for leading a philosophical discussion on our Resources page.

Объяснение:

думаю правильно.

Я делала с сестрой

ана почти профи по английскому

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