The discoverers of the laws of demand and supply
The law of demand was discovered by A. Cournot (1801—1877), a professor of mathematics at the University of Lyon, France. It was he who drew the first demand curve in the 1830s.
The first practical application of demand theory was done by J. Dupuit (1804—1866), a French engineer and economist. He calculated the benefits from building a bridge and the correct toll to charge for its use.
The laws of demand and supply and the connection between the costs of production and supply were first worked out by D. Lardner (1793—1859), an Irish professor of philosophy at the University of London.
D. Lardner showed railway companies how they could increase their profits by cutting rates on long-distance business, where competition was fiercest. At the same time according to D. Lardner those companies could raise rates on short-haul business, where they had less to fear from other suppliers.
The principles first worked out by D. Lardner in the 1850s are widely used by economists working for the major airline companies today. Assuming those principles as a basis modern companies work out their freight rates and passenger fares. And the rates that result have a lot in common with those of the nineteenth century in principle.
The law of supply and demand reads as follows: the amount of a product which is available is related to the needs of the possible customer. The scientific approach to the business can bring the producers and suppliers of goods the largest possible profits.
В данном тексте выписать все глаголы в активном и пассивном залоге, указать их времена и форму.
