TYPES OF AUTOMATION
Manufacturing is one of the most important application fields for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.
1. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automation» refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be re-programmed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. The programme is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer programme.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.
2. Письменно (с переводом) ответить на во к тексту.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the most important application of automation?
2. What types of automation are used in manufacturing?
3. What is fixed automation?
4. What are the limitations of hard automation?
5. What is the best example of programmable automation?
6. What are the limitations of programmable automation?
7. What are the advantages of flexible automation?
8. Is it possible to produce different products one after another using automation technology?
4. Письменно (на англ. языке с русским переводом) объяснить понятия.
Explain in English what does the following mean:
1. automation technology
2. fixed automation
3. assembly machines
4. non-productive time
5. programmable automation
6. computer terminal
7. numerical-control machine-tool
У меня тоже такая книга
1 laughter 2 comedians 3 good sense of humour 4 bizarre 5 make fun of
6 sarcasm я не уверена
1 humorous или laughter, good- looking
2 body releases hormones which make you feel happier
3 Sunshine has a similar effect Britain's need laughter because the weather is so bad
4 It seems to be difficult to understand if you are not British and they use bizarre
5 No they aren't people love make fun of themselves
6 Yes it was very popular in over 200 countries and he was so funny
7 he does simple everyday things in extremely sarcastic absurd way
Объяснение:
1. Bank of America, new York.
This is probably one of the greenest buildings in the world. The 54-story building was built to use natural daylight for as long as possible. There are also solar panels, rainwater collectors, and materials for the construction of the building itself are made from recycled waste from new York.
2. Crystal Island, Moscow.
This building should be home to 30,000 people. The project is sponsored by the Russian government. The building generates its own electricity from wind and solar power.
Объяснение: