Vienna although vienna already has a superb public transport system, work has begun on a plan to divert traffic away from the streets of the city. key plans include building new and improved motorway and rail links and a city ring road. within the city, 30 kilometers of underground lines will be added to the metro over the next ten years. at present, five billion schillings is poured into vienna’s public transport system every year. the underground links well with the extensive tram lines and bus routes. there are already 500 kms of cycle paths, although viennese cyclists grumble at deep potholes in the paths. b. berlin huge building sites, large-scale repairs of roads and the reconnection of the two halves of the city have all combined to make berlin a difficult place to move about in. several of the underground and cross-town railway stations are closed down for renovation. for car drivers, the worst problem is trying to “get to the other side” – to move from east to west or vice versa. there are simply not enough roads to meet the demand. the good news is that all this inconvenience is working towards a good cause. when all the building and rebuilding is finished, berlin’s commuters will have one of europe’s most efficient traffic systems. at present, the “green wave” guarantees the free flow of traffic along the city’s main streets: drivers who keep to 50 km can hit a wave of green lights and avoid getting stuck in traffic. c. athens the greek metropolis was confirmed as europe’s most polluted city this week. given the city’s poor public transport, cars are overwhelmingly the means of transport chosen by most athenians. unfortunately, it is a choice to which athens is particularly ill-suited, with its high buildings, narrow streets and a single ring road, which forces most vehicles to enter the city centre at some point along their journey. the most drastic of a series of measures – banning odd or even number-plated cars from the city centre on alternate working days – has failed to solve the problem. the government has also begun investing heavily in public transport and, after long delays, is now building the city’s first underground metro system. d. london for a nation which once prided itself on building roads and railways for others, transport in the capital is in a worry state. today, the world’s oldest tube (the first section was opened in 1863) still boasts 735 million passenger journeys a year. but it is widely regarded as over-priced, inefficient and in need of extensive repair. the worsening of public services has brought an increase in private transport. the subsequent congestion on the capital’s streets was made worse when cars were banned from the city, london’s financial centre, following bomb attacks by the ira. e. stockholm it is ten kilometers from my house in the stockholm suburbs to the office in the city centre where i work. for me, public transport wins hands down. if i leave home just before eight o’clock, i’m at the office by half past eight. the train runs every three minutes or so at peak times on the main routes. during the rush hour it can be difficult to get a seat, but it’s rare to be crammed in like sardines, as in london or paris. for the price of a monthly pass (375 krona), you can travel on all buses and trains within stockholm – to me that is true value for money and certainly less than the cost of the petrol you would use. by comparison, driving to work, with the congestion and difficulty finding parking space, is just not worth to hassle. seven sentences have been removed from the text. choose from the sentences a – h the one which fits each gap (1-7). there’s one extra sentence which you do not need to use.1getting there means choosing between an efficient underground system or being stuck in traffic jams for much of the journey.2most city dwellers bought a second car.3the ring road was opposed by environmentalists but has turned out to be a great success.4many of the city’s highways are blocked off to allow construction work go ahead.5predictably, private cars were found to be the main source of pollution.6half the money is provided by the government, the remainder comes from fares.7above ground, londoners are not doing much better.8it will certainly be the most modern.
