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The early railway builders laid wooden stringers lengthwise, fastening straps of iron on top of the stringers to serve as rails. The practice of laying wooden stringers soon gave way to iron rails which did not prove satisfactory, as they were subject to buckling and warping1 and wore out rapidly. Steel rails were first rolled in England in 1856. From that date they rapidly became the standard type.
In England and in the USA rails vary in weight from 50 to 152 pounds per running yard,2 the average being about 94 pounds per yard. Increasing size of locomotives and trains and greater speed of train movement in both freight and passenger service have made necessary an increasing of rails weights.
The standard length of a single rail in America is 39 feet, 60 foot rail is common in Europe. The use of longer rail is advantageous in maintenance work.
On modern development in the upkeep of the permanent way is the use of welding process. Most railway travellers are fairly familiar with the crossings or forks of the permanent way where one track diverges from another. These rail crossings wear away fairly rapidly. They are costly to make and also to maintain. In order to reduce the expense in maintaining these joints and crossings, welding processes are now being used, so that new metal can be welded on the worn parts of the crossings in such a way as to build up the rails to their original form
1. 1. We are swimming in the swimming pool.
2. She is watching TV now.
3. I and my sister are going to school now.
4. My father is washing his car at the moment.
5. They are playing the piano now.
2. On the armchair 1) The bank in High Street is big and modern.
On the chair 2) You can sit on this comfortable armchair when you watch TV.
In the street 3) The birds on the tree are not sparrows. What birds are they?
On the photo 4) We can often see roses on the piano in the living room.
3. 1) John and Sally like their house in Green Street.
2) I can see the Barkers, they are in their garden.
3) John! Can you help us please?
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Befitting the Red Planet's bloody color, the Romans named it after their god of war. In truth, the Romans copied the ancient Greeks, who also named the planet after their god of war, Ares.
ПЕРЕВОД-Марс-это четвертая планета от солнца. Как и подобает кровавому цвету Красной планеты, римляне назвали ее в честь своего бога войны. По правде говоря, римляне копировали древних греков, которые также назвали планету в честь своего бога войны Ареса.
СДЕЛАЙ ЛУЧШИМ Я СТАРАЛСЯ!