Newspapers and magazines play a very important part in our life. Practically there is no family that does not read them. We can learn many things from newspapers. Perhaps that is why many years ago an American humorous writer said: "All I know is what I see in the papers"; and another American author more than half a century ago wrote that "the careful reader of a few good newspapers can learn more in a year than most scientists do in their great libraries".
We can agree or disagree with these statements (better to disagree, because scientific books and magazines have more information than newspapers), but we'll have to say that newspapers help us in many ways. There are a lot of different kinds of newspapers in our country. One can buy them practically everywhere. It is impossible to read all the newspapers and magazines. Everyone has favourite ones.
My favourite newspaper is "Komsomolskaya Pravda". We can read almost about everything in this newspaper. There are articles dealing with home and abroad news, sport events, life of favourite actors and singers and even the weather. We can find many interesting things there. We can read some useful pieces of advice, some stories about our life, and so on. There are puzzles, songs and even anecdotes there. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" is one of the most interesting newspapers, to my mind.
Объяснение:
Newspapers and magazines play a very important part in our life. Practically there is no family that does not read them. We can learn many things from newspapers. Perhaps that is why many years ago an American humorous writer said: "All I know is what I see in the papers"; and another American author more than half a century ago wrote that "the careful reader of a few good newspapers can learn more in a year than most scientists do in their great libraries".
We can agree or disagree with these statements (better to disagree, because scientific books and magazines have more information than newspapers), but we'll have to say that newspapers help us in many ways. There are a lot of different kinds of newspapers in our country. One can buy them practically everywhere. It is impossible to read all the newspapers and magazines. Everyone has favourite ones.
My favourite newspaper is "Komsomolskaya Pravda". We can read almost about everything in this newspaper. There are articles dealing with home and abroad news, sport events, life of favourite actors and singers and even the weather. We can find many interesting things there. We can read some useful pieces of advice, some stories about our life, and so on. There are puzzles, songs and even anecdotes there. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" is one of the most interesting newspapers, to my mind.
Дано:
¹⁶₈O - Кислород
⁴₂He - Гелий
mΔ(⁴₂He) = 0,002604 а.е.м.
mΔ(¹⁶₈O) = -0,005085 а.е.м.
c² = 931,5 МэВ/а.е.м.
Найти:
Eсв.(4α) - ?
1) Запишем сначала уравнение реакций необходимую для разделений ядра ¹⁶₈O на 4 одинаковые частицы:
¹⁶₈O → ⁴₂He + ⁴₂He + ⁴₂He + ⁴₂He ⇒ ¹⁶₈O → 4⁴₂He
2) В этом случаем минимальная энергия на деление равна:
Eсв.(4α) = Eсв.(¹⁶₈O) - 4Eсв.(⁴₂He)
3) Энергий связи мы определим по их формулах:
Eсв.(¹⁶₈O) = Δmc² = (Z×m(прот.) + N×m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))с² = (Z×m(прот.) + (A-Z)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))c² - энергия связи кислорода
Eсв.(⁴₂He) = Δmc² = (Z×m(прот.) + N×m(нейт.) - mΔ(⁴₂He))с² = (Z×m(прот.) + (A-Z)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(⁴₂He))c² - энергия связи гелия
4) Теперь подставим формулы из ( 3) ) во ( 2) ) с учетом значений Z и A для обоих ядер:
Eсв.(4α) = (Z×m(прот.) + (A-Z)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))c² - 4(Z×m(прот.) + (A-Z)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(⁴₂He))c² = (8m(прот.) + (16-8)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))c² - 4(2×m(прот.) + (4-2)×m(нейт.) - mΔ(⁴₂He))c² = (8m(прот.) + 8m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))c² - 4(2m(прот.) + 2m(нейт.) - mΔ(⁴₂He))c² = (8m(прот.) + 8m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O))c² - (8m(прот.) + 8m(нейт.) - 4mΔ(⁴₂He))c² = (8m(прот.) + 8m(нейт.) - mΔ(¹⁶₈O) - 8m(прот.) - 8m(нейт.) + 4mΔ(⁴₂He))c² = (-mΔ(¹⁶₈O) + 4mΔ(⁴₂He))c² ⇒ Eсв.(4α) = (-mΔ(¹⁶₈O) + 4mΔ(⁴₂He))c²
5) Далее мы решаем его нахождение:
Eсв.(4α) = (-(-0,005085 а.е.м.) + 4×0,002604 а.е.м.)×931,5 МэВ/а.е.м. = (0,005085 а.е.м. + 0,010416 а.е.м.)×931,5 МэВ/а.е.м. = 0,015501 а.е.м. × 931,5 МэВ/а.е.м. ≈ 14,439 МэВ ≈ 14,4 МэВ
ответ: надо приложить энергию Е большую или равную энергию связи Eсв.(4а), тоесть E>=Eсв.(4а) = 14,4 МэВ