с английским
History of the Rouble.
The rouble has been the currency in Russia for 500 years. The name “rouble” is thought to come from the Russian for “chop”, literally referring to the way a section was cut off a silver ingot, each section had a different value according to its weight.
Since December 2013 the official symbol of the Russian rouble is the Cyrillic letter P with a single added horizontal stroke.
In 1710 the rouble was first divided into kopeks, 100 of which made up a rouble. Ten roubles are sometimes referred to as chervonets. Historically, it was the name for the first Russian three-rouble gold coin issued for general circulation in 1701. The current meaning comes from the Soviet golden chervonets issued in 1923. All these names are no longer in use, however.
In the 18th century half a kopek or a single kopek were made from copper, while five kopeks up to 50 kopeks and one rouble coins were originally made from gold.
After the Russian civil war, silver was used for lower value coins with gold chervonets minted in 1923. In 1961 new materials such as aluminium and bronze were introduced, along with nickel and zinc.
Between 1769 and 1917 there were only Imperial issued bank notes, or assignats. After 1917 the provisional government issued bank notes, called kerenki. Soon after, in 1918 state credit notes were issued, followed by currency notes the following year.
1.Russian rouble has a long history.
2.Several centuries ago one of the tsars introduced rouble as Russian currency.
3.In old times only merchants used roubles.
4.The symbol of the rouble is double “P”.
5.In the 18th century rouble was divided into kopeks.
6.The names are still used when shopping.
7.Gold, silver and bronze are used to make coins nowadays.
8.Banknotes appeared in the Soviet period for the first time
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endangered - being in a difficult situation.
species - what is visible.
survive - stay alive under difficult / inhumane conditions.
act - act of activity.
drawbacks - undesirable quality, flaw.
recreate - repeat, resume.
cages - structural and functional elementary unit of structure and vital activity of all organisms.
arguments - judgments, statements, and facts used in the proof process.
against - speak against the speaker. Act against the enemy.
environment - a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions of a certain area and its ecological state.
2. Andrew told me that he has already bought a present for Peter.
3. My parents asked us why we are being very busy at the moment.
4. My brother informed me that he will go for a walk soon .
5. Kate asked John whether he is washing the dishes at that moment.
6. They told me that Frank left for Paris the previous day.
7. She complained that then she was very tired .
8. They announced that the president has already arrived.
9. He didn't notice that he lost his keys.
10. Ben asked his father to buy that camera.